Ancient Greece
The term ancient Greece refers to the civilization of the peoples of the Greek language and culture during the ancient times. It is sometimes more specifically by the ancient Greek classical Greece , especially the Athens of the fifth century BC. AD , that of Pericles and tragedy , and that of the fourth century BC. AD , of Plato and Aristotle. However, Greek culture had developed earlier: the epics of the Iliad and the Odyssey date back probably to the ninth century BC. AD. She also maintained a real dynamism in the following centuries, during which it has spread in many other regions. In the East after the conquests of Alexander , Greek culture was mixed with the earlier cultures to give birth to the civilization of the Hellenistic kingdoms. In the Mediterranean , Greek culture has played a decisive role, particularly because of the influence it had in Rome where Greek became the language of knowledge used by the elites.
Some political and cultural productions of the Greek world had a major role in the development of Western civilization. It History The history of Greece before the eighth century BC. AD is not well known. The Mycenaean civilization lasted from about -1500 to -1100, it is strongly influenced by Minoan Crete. The reasons for his disappearance are subject to controversy. Researchers believing the historicity of the Trojan War the fall during this period. The time that followed, also well known, are sometimes called dark ages. Significant cultural changes appear to be held there. It seems that from the eighth century BC. AD appear cities , small independent territories and politically structured. The population is growing strongly and Greek colonies were established on the islands in the Aegean and Asia Minor , then in other Mediterranean regions. Great thinkers often live overseas, Thales and Xenophanes live in Asia, Pythagoras founded a school in Italy 's south. It was the birth of Magna Graecia. In the fifth century BC. BC , the Greeks managed to repel the troops of the great Persian Empire. Greece's then a "golden age". Some thinkers, Parmenides , Empedocles , Leucippus inaugurate new ways of seeing the world. Athens , where democracy was established, occupies a prominent place on the political and artistic. The tragedy develops. Socrates almost never leaves the city. After the Peloponnesian War (under 431 to less than 404), the Greek cities are weakened but remains vivid intellectual life ( Plato , Aristotle ). To -338, the Macedonia Greece dominates. Between 336 and 323, its king, Alexander the Great , conquered a vast empire. At his death, this empire was divided among his generals or former Diadochi : Ptolemy , Seleucus , Lysimachus , Antigonus , who reigned in absolute sovereignty over large areas. One enters the Hellenistic period. The Antigonids retain Macedonia. The Seleucid rule in Asia, the former Persian Empire. Greek influence is felt even in the sculptures Buddhist of Afghanistan. The Ptolemies , who ruled Egypt, but we are better known. Alexandria is a mecca of knowledge. In Greece itself, to develop new philosophies: the Epicureanism and Stoicism. The political situation is quite difficult and, in the second century BC. BC , Greece came under domination romaine. Greece remains a cultural center but lost in creativity. In the eighth century BC. BC , Greece began to emerge from the dark days following the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Writing and Mycenaean writings in general are lost and forgotten but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet while modifying what would become the Greek alphabet. In the ninth century BC. AD , the first Greek texts appear properly. The country was then divided into many small independent communities, a situation imposed by Greek geography, where every island, valley plain is totally cut off from its neighbors by the sea mounts. Ltantine war (from -710 to -650 ) was a continual conflict between the Greek city which has the distinction of being one of the first clashes of the ancient Greeks documented. This war clash sees the city-state of Chalcis and Eretria on Llantine, fertile plain of Euboea. A merchant class grows in the first half of the seventh century BC. AD as evidenced by the appearance of Greek coins to -680 , which does not fail to raise tensions between cities. The upper classes who rule the cities are threatened by this new middle class of merchants who wish to engage in politics. From -650 same aristocratic class must fight to avoid being overthrown by tyrants populist. The word tyrant is in fact himself comes from the Greek (tyrannos) meaning "illegitimate ruler" that is either good or bad. The economy of ancient Greece is characterized by a strong predominance of agriculture , the more important that soils are infertile Greek. This stnochria causes the creation of colonies , which provide raw materials. More than a source of livelihood, agriculture shape part of representations and social relations: the majority of the world's population is rural and Greek land is ideal. The craft and trade (mainly Sea) develop from the sixth century BC. J.-C in the cities. However, the Greeks feel a great aversion to paid work, especially manual labor: the policy is really the only activity worthy of the citizen , the rest being abandoned as much as possible with slaves. Greek art is the most immediately noticeable in ancient Greece: it has influenced the Roman art , that of the Renaissance and much of modern art and contemporary West. Its monuments are admired by tourists in Greece itself, as well as on the sites of the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia and Asia Minor , his sculptures and vases often occupy a prominent place in museums and private collections. The Parthenon and its sculptural decoration, the Charioteer of Delphi , the group of Laocoon and the Victory of Samothrace are among the works of art best known in the world. However, the work of Greek art is often misunderstood. She is admired today for the aesthetic pleasure it provides, while its primary purpose is practical or religious. The ruins of monuments are located in isolated areas, or are incorporated in modern cities, while the Greek ships were naturally incorporated into a variety of surrounding buildings. The mural, one of the main forms of expression of Greek art, has almost completely disappeared, while the Greek sculpture has survived mainly in the form of Roman copies or variants, for which it is difficult to separate the genius of the original author of one of the copier-adapter. It is therefore important to place Greek art in context and to restore its origins, evolution and influences. The ancient Greek religion is notable for having no sacred texts or dogmas , or Church : it is polytheistic. It attaches great importance to the rites and little personal devotion. The different denominations can be distinguished into three main categories: public worship, community gathering of citizens of a city, private cults, belonging to the domestic sphere, mystery cults , which only insiders promise a happy life and beyond. The Greek pantheon has twelve deities key (called " Olympians "), the largest of which are expressed by three figures who shared the world: Zeus , the god of lightning, reigning over heaven, Poseidon , god of the seas, oceans and Seismic and finally Hades , Lord of the underworld. History of Greece 
Pre-Hellenic Greece Prehistory of Greece -3200 Cycladic civilization -2700 Minoan civilization -1550 Mycenaean civilization Ancient Greece -1200 Dark Ages -800 Archaic -510 Classical period -323 Hellenistic -146 Roman Greece Medieval Greece (C) 330 Byzantine Empire 1202 Fourth Crusade 1453 Ottoman Greece Modern Greece 1799 Republic of the Seven Islands 1822 Revolutionary War 1832 Kingdom of Greece 1936 Plan of August 4 1941 Occupation 1946 Civil War 1967 Dictatorship of the colonels 1974 Hellenic Republic Archaic Period
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