Early years

The possibility of co-regency of the young Amenhotep IV with his father remains uncertain. Some experts are to begin around the year XXVIII / XXIX of Amenhotep III, others XXXVII / XXXIX , ascended the throne of Egypt. Before an IV, he is already married to Nefertiti (La Belle came), of uncertain origin.

During the first three years of his reign, Amenhotep IV part in continuation, while moderate and innovative already, the work of their fathers. His buildings at Karnak attest to this trend double. It adds the third pylon at Karnak a "hall" on the wall of which is a scene from the traditional picture.

But at the same time, he built outside of the temple, a shrine to the Aten, the Gempaaten or Gematon (Aton is found). On the walls of his buildings, he continued to write his name, Amenhotep. But in art, these portraits are already moving towards the guns Amarnian if individuals .

Once an IV, Akhenaten is a surprising decision: he celebrated his first Sed festival , jubilee ritual of regeneration, which traditionally marks the thirty-year reign of a sovereign. The king was a low or suffering? It is conceivable to see more of a stage of its reform religious celebrations take place in the temple of Aten at Karnak is the Gematon and Nefertiti occupies with her husband, the central role.

Little is known about the context in which the King marks his true "rupture" between an IV and VI year.

Religious Revolution

The young sovereign will gradually at first, then more sharply then, impose the first religion henotheistic known history, emphasizing the worship of the sun disk Aten. For reasons still unclear, but presumably exposed to conservatism and hostility of the clergy of Thebes, Akhenaten decided to abandon the cult of dynastic god Amon , the "hidden god".

In the year IV's reign, he made his first visit to the place where his future will be based capital, a city untouched by the presence of the god of Thebes. He chose as a desert site in Middle Egypt , on the eastern bank of the Nile, where he built the city of Akhetaten ("Horizon of Aten"), the present Tell el-Amarna , some 300 km north of Thebes. He starts work which will carry a large portion of income allocated to Thebes.

In the sixth year, he changed titulature, takes the name of Akhenaten, "He who is good (or useful) to Aten," and finally leaves the city of Amun at Thebes. The great wife Nefertiti is called Nfernferouaton (Belle is the perfection of Aten). The entire royal court and the administration moved to the new residence yet unfinished, including temples, dedicated to one god Aten, are constructed to open to allow its beneficial rays to enter.

This revolution is often attributed solely to cultural and religious Akhenaten, but he apparently did that imposing a trend begun during the reign of his father, Amenhotep III. Grimal Nicolas speaks of "solarization" of the main gods under the king and the exclusive worship of the solar disc would be the logical outcome .

Before Akhenaten, the Aten was a minor god whose existence is attested from the Middle Kingdom. In New Kingdom , Thutmose III had placed under its protection and Amenhotep III , one of whose epithets was "Radiation of Aton", had encouraged the worship of the god.

IX in the year of his reign, Akhenaten go further, in an apparent radicalization of its reform Aten: he ordered to destroy, in major hot spots in the kingdom, the worship of images of ancient deities , with the notable exception of Ra, to carry out his "operation" Magic, erasing the old expression of the principles to make room for the new function he stood for. By hammering the names of gods, a belief system where the Word is creative, he cancels their ability to incarnate and occult influence. It is thus of the solar disk universal God, the One "who has no equal", the demiurge who repeats his act of creation each sunrise. To celebrate the celestial kingdom of Aten, the god's name is entered in carriers: it is "Re-Harakhti who rejoices in the horizon," "The Sovereign (Heka) of the two horizons." It is now in the presence of monotheism , religious revolution in ancient times.

The king is the earthly image of the Aten, his "perfect child" with the great royal wife , Nefertiti , he is the only intermediary between God and humans. Like the triad Amon - Mut - Khonsu , the royal couple with Aton form a triad of deities worshiped in the homes of dignitaries. The people in turn, perpetuates a large majority of the traditional private worship.

Artistic Revolution

Nefertiti

The Amarna art is characterized by a naturalistic style with abundant plants, flowers and birds, but also, in extreme cases, by an "academic nightmare" (J. Leclant) growing up caricature apparent. Thus, the colossal statues discovered in the temple of Aten at Karnak are the opposite of classical art idealizing: it shows the king with a body of androgynous hips exaggeratedly large, protuberant belly, elongated head and fleshy lips. Other statues show apparently naked but sexless. On a bas-relief preserved at the Egyptian Museum in Berlin , Nefertiti and the little princesses are represented with the same face stretched into long, completely identical to that of Akhenaten, which faces them.

Some archaeologists believe therefore that the iconography of Amarna was only following a requirement of the Pharaoh who had ordered him highlighted the exclusive link that united the royal family in one God, creator of all life. Indeed, the Amarna art was a court art, which like traditional art and figurative conventions, must meet the standards imposing a hierarchical perspective.

Akhenaton, however, may have been a very physical ungrateful or disability. It has been speculated that the king was suffering from a rare genetic disease and transmissible to its offspring: the Marfan syndrome or syndrome Prune Belly. The artistic representation of some members of the court with Amarna in fewer steps, the same strain makes this theory unlikely. We still say that the king was suffering from epilepsy , resulting in him long and painful crises hallucinatory.

It also lends itself to the mystic poet of talent, it is true that he himself composed the Great Hymn to Aten engraved on the tomb of Ay.

The heart of the reign

Akhenaten continues the tradition of his predecessors Kings builders. It raises the temples, he calls Gematon as Karnak, Kawa and Sesebi and a walled city below the third cataract .

The year XII seems to be the apogee of the reign. A grand festival is celebrated in the city where the envoys of kings Palestine and Nubia , the land of Kush and Punt , bringing gifts to the king and the great royal wife, possibly in the presence of Queen Tiye mother.

The latter, the importance of policy, domestic and international, has already proven to Thebes during the preceding reign, is, according to some representations, several stays in the new capital, and lived there, perhaps. She seems to have retained some influence over his son . It is often accompanied by his youngest daughter Baketaton , whose age approximates that of his nieces, the daughters of Akhenaten. The queen mother and her youngest daughter both die later than the end of the year XII.

The deaths hit the king, whose whole imaging shows - in addition to its ritual significance - the deep attachment to his family, do not stop there. The little princess Mkhtaton , second daughter of the king, died in the year XIV. The ritual of mourning scenes are represented, without hiding the grief of the royal couple.

From that date, the documentation is scarce, and it becomes extremely complex to decipher the sequence of events that marked the latter part of the reign.

Black Period?

Far from the idyllic image of a poet and dreamer mystical pharaoh, Akhenaten's reign is considered by many Egyptologists as a dark period of ancient Egypt. The religious reformation of Akhenaten led a loss of significant influence of the traditional pantheon of gods: removal of some cults, temples closure, loss of church property, degradation of divine images, it will be worth the king to be called - of is questionable - the heretic Pharaoh.

Jean Yoyotte and Pascal Vernus do not believe in an Aten fanatic and intolerant . Hammering names will not hit the kingdom in its entirety, and the names of some gods is left intact . The Governorate of Fayoum seems to have almost completely escaped the hammering .

If King worships tackles traditional deities of the kingdom, there is no persecution of the Egyptian people, who guards his beliefs. Theophorous names among the people remain unchanged, and Akhetaten Similarly, the discovery of small idols in some traditional houses argue for continuity of polytheistic beliefs usual .

However, it is also clear that, due to excessive centralization, and apparently ineffective, as well as the lessening of assets and confiscation of the estates of the temples, Egypt experienced an economic crisis. Indeed, in the absence of any cash, the economic and social system was based on barter and distribution of resources stored in the attics of the State and temples, so that the confiscation of "divine areas" by crown ruining "a whole system of production and redistribution of any new structure does replaces .

Foreign policy

Fragment of a colossus of Amenhotep IV-Akhenaten

In Syria and Canaan , the Hittites and the Amorites gradually nibble the conquests of Thutmose III. Thus, the King of Kadesh , entered the alliance Hittite, conquered northern Syria, while Suppiluliuma ( -1382 / -1342 ) and Assur-uballit ^I. attacking the Mitanni , an ally of Egypt. For his part, King of Amurru himself master of several strongholds of the coast Phoenician.

Akhenaten fails to help his vassals, despite urgent calls, so its inertia causes the loss of Sidon , of Tyre and Byblos. Meanwhile, bands of nomadic raiders, the apiru , seized Megiddo and Jerusalem.

The diplomatic correspondence found between the various major Eastern States further underscores the negligence and blunder of the pharaoh, which exacerbates the weakening of Egypt's possessions in Asia and its influence in foreign courts. The gold is then a matter of first importance in international politics, and Egypt, prosperous, is deemed to possess in abundance. While much of the moral prestige of the kingdom and its influence outside based on his extravagance (which had fully understood Amenhotep III), Akhenaten is much less generous than his father and gold shipments' s weight loss considerably. The kings of Assyria , of Babylon and Mitanni complain in the letters they send to their "brother" of Egypt, in tones less and less friendly.

At the end of the reign, there remains almost nothing of the Asian empire of the first Thoutmosides.

The end of the reign

Akhenaten's death is shrouded in mystery. It is unknown when or how he died, his successors have done everything to erase the traces of King heretic. The most that can be dated from the year XVII / XVIII the last entry mentions. However, some suggest that the total solar eclipse of May 14 -1337 could be concurrent with his death .

Smenkhkare , son and successor of Akhenaten after a probable coregency , died after a short reign. The power is then up to a nine-year Tutankhaten, who had married the third daughter of Akhenaten. We know nothing definite about the ancestry of the young ruler. There is however a hypothesis which states that Kiya , the "Great Wife, King's beloved" would be his mother, after the disgrace and death of Nefertiti , as a woman other than Nefertiti is depicted on a mural in a Palace of Akhetaten in the chamber pharaoh more precisely. What is certain however is that the worship of Aten virtually extinguished with the death of Akhenaten. After three years, leaving Tutankhaten Tell el-Amarna , he adopted the name Tutankhamun , restore the worship of traditional gods and restored the clergy in the property which had stripped the "wretched of Akhetaten.

Burial

Akhenaten's tomb was constructed in the royal cemetery at Amarna. Discovered by the fellah at the end of XIX ^century and rediscovered in 1891 , the tomb was excavated by Howard Carter in 1892 , which raised the walls of sets available for the account of the Egyptian Exploration Fund. From 1893 to 1894 , the tomb was excavated by Alexandre Barsanti on behalf of the Egyptian Antiquities Service , and cleared of debris that encumbered it, revealing his plan and discovering the remains of the sarcophagus of King external and its canopic chest and numerous fragments shabtis on behalf of the king.

Broken into hundreds of pieces of these relics of royal funerary equipment were transported to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , where they have been restored and are now exposed .

All these indices show that initially, the king has been buried in the grave site in which he had his new capital. After the return to religious orthodoxy and (probably) a first looting of the royal necropolis, the king's body was moved and buried in the tomb of his mother in the Valley of the Kings.

Objects discovered in the royal tomb at Amarna

• 

  Outer sarcophagus of Akhenaten reconstituted the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

• 

  Shabti of Akhenaten discovered in his tomb at Amarna

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

In 1907 , Davis and Ayrton rummaging through the valley of kings , uncover the tomb KV55 , which contained several scraps viatical royal tomb of the late ^eighteenth dynasty , a large gilded wooden sarcophagus with royal cartouches have been hammered , erasing forever the name of its owner, whose face was torn off in gold, disfiguring the head of the sarcophagus. Several other items were also cartridges that had been systematically erased, characteristic of damnatio memoriae suffered by sovereign Amarna during the ^nineteenth dynasty.

The sarcophagus containing a mummy yet reduced to a skeleton which was not immediately identified .

Recent reviews of this skeleton were conducted from 2005 to 2009 by an Egyptian team led by Zahi Hawass , eventually allowing for DNA analysis to show that the body was that of a son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye. These results revealed on 17 February 2010 the press and associated with objects already discovered in the tomb on behalf of Akhenaten, help confirm the hypothesis that sagit many remains of King .

After the reign of the latter, the tomb was open and objects to the names of King have been wantonly destroyed. It was at that time that the royal sarcophagus was damaged and probably open to rob the king's mummy relics of the ultimate identifying its owner, posthumous condemnation to oblivion and especially prohibition of any hope of rebirth in the beyond, which was for the Egyptians the worst punishment. Then the tomb was closed and sealed again.

The presence of these seals on the wall blocking access to the tomb indicates that this act of desecration has been made by official order and not by looters. This act closes campaign damnatio memoriae which began in the reign of Horemheb and ended under the first pharaoh of the ^nineteenth dynasty.

Objects discovered in the tomb KV55

• 

  Royal sarcophagus lid found in the tomb KV55

• 

  Details mutilated face of the lid of the sarcophagus Royal

• 

  Gold gorget depicting the goddess Nekhbet found on the remains of the mummy's tomb KV55

• 

  Skull attributed to Akhenaten discovered in tomb KV55

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

Rediscovery

The failure of his religious reform and the conservative backlash that followed Akhenaten condemned to an almost total oblivion.

Its rediscovery in the late ^nineteenth century has been gradual, even for serious archaeologists them are occupied, it was an opportunity often fantastical descriptions and projections of their a priori, in which Akhenaten is sometimes presented positively sometimes negatively, but generally with a view occidentalocentre . Thus, in 1910 the Egyptologist Arthur Weigall Edward Pears , who spends the first biography, sees Akhenaten obvious precursor of Christ : "No religion in the world is as close to Christianity as the faith of Akhnathon . " Even if the description of Weigall attracted much criticism from his peers, some up to the taxing of "romance" , the list of hazardous interpretations, wacky or crazy has only lie the bibliography devoted to Akhenaten currently has several thousand books.

In 1939, Sigmund Freud is interested in Moses and Monotheism , but even his followers prefer to classify the genre of the novel or esoteric ^, this book to the drafting of which he worked long (started in 1910 and published at his death).

One of the authors most inspired by the sluggishness was the wife of letttres and esoteric Nazi Savitri Devi , who wrote Son of the Sun Akhenaten.

The psychiatrist Immanuel Velikovsky , author of controversial doomsday theories, argues in Oedipus and Akhnaton trace the history of Akhenaten in the guise of Oedipus.

Akhenaten, fictional character

In literature

• Agatha Christie has made it the theme of one of his plays, Akhenaten.

• Akhenaten is one of the main characters from the novel by Mika Waltari , Sinuhe the Egyptian.

• Akhenaten is the hero of a novel by Naguib Mahfouz , Akhenaten the Renegade , which is described by means of imaginary confessions of members of his court.

• Akhenaten is one of the main characters from the novel by Viviane Koenig , Queen Nefertiti of Egypt

• Pauline Gedge , The Children of the Sun, Ed. Balland, 1984 ( ISBN 2-7242-2818-9 )
• Alain Darne , the heretic Akhenaten, Editions Anne Carrire, Paris, 1999 ( ISBN 2-7028-3118-4 )

In comics

• Edgar P. Jacobs discusses the history and cult of Akhenaten in the comic strip The Mystery of the Great Pyramid.
• Didier Convard and Andr Juillard resume and finish this story in the album Occasional Adventure motionless.

In game role

• In the role play Nephilim , Nephilim Akhenaten is a visionary, creator of the 22 Major Arcana, the ways of accomplishment of the Nephilim.

In film

• Nefertiti Queen of the Nile (Nefertiti Regina del Nilo), peplum Italian directed by Fernando Cerchio in 1961 ;
• The Egyptian (The Egyptian), American film of Michael Curtiz in 1954.

Photos

• 

  Amarna , Akhenaten in his car, under the rays of Aten, very damaged

• 

  Amarna, basically, the king and queen and their eldest daughters

Notes

See also

Bibliography

• Dimitri Laboury , Akhenaten: Nefertiti, Amarna, Aten, Karnak, Pygmalion , al. "The Great Pharaohs," Paris, March 2010, 478 p. ( ISBN 978-2-7564-0043-3 )
• (In) Zahi Hawass , "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family," in The Journal of the American Medical Association, ^No. 303 No. 7, February 2010
  Article published by the team of researchers who conducted under the direction of Z. Hawass to DNA analysis of eleven royal mummies, allowing the identification of genetic links between the various mummies
• Marc Gabolde , Akhenaten. Mystery of light, Gallimard, 2005, 128 p.
• Carl Nicholas Reeves , Akhenaten and his God: and Pharaoh false prophet, Editions Autrement, 2004 ( ISBN 2746705591 )
• (De) Erik Hornung , Ikhnaton - Die Religion des Lichts, Artemis & Winkler, 1995
• Nicolas Grimal , History of Ancient Egypt External Links
  • Akhenaten, the precursor of monotheism? by Christian CANNUYER Professor at the Faculty of Theology at the Catholic University of Lille.
  • Akhenaten, the heretic pharaoh synthesis illustrated with pictures of the Mystery of Great Pyramid of EP Jacobs

  Pharaohs
  Alphabetically	aqen Achoris Adjibi Aha Ahetepr Ahmose Ahmose I. Akhenaten Alara Alexander IV of Macedonia Alexander the Great Amasis Amnms I. Amnms II Amnms III Amnms IV Amnms V Amnms VI Amenemhat I. Amenemhat II Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Amenemhat V Amenemhat VI Amenemhat VII Amenemhat Senebef Amenemnesout Amenemope Amenhotep I Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV Ameni Kemaou Amenmes Amenhotep I. Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV Ammers Amyrte Ankh-Khperour nkhesen Ankhesenpepi II Antef I. Antef II Antef III Antef IV Antef V Antef VI Antef VII Aper Apophis I. Apophis II Apries Arses Artaxerxes I. Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Auletes A Ay I. Baka Bakenranef Bardiya Berenice IV Binthris Bocchoris Cambyses II Shabaka Chabataka Caesarion Chepseskaf Chepseskar Cleopatra VII Darius I Darius II Darius III Den Dionysus Djadjay Djdefptah Djedefre Djedkare II Djedkare Isesi Djedptahiefnkh Djehuty Djer Djoutimhat Djoser Djserkar Amenhotep Epiphanius Eupator Evergetes Gemenefkhonsoubak Harsiesis I. Hat-Hor Hatshepsut Hemptah I. Hor-Aha Hor I. Hor III Hor III Horemheb Horus Adjibi Horus serekh Horus Ba Horus Crocodile Horus Djedkheperou Horus Djer Horus Lion Horus Qa Horus Shertaouy Horus Semerkhet Horus Seneferka Hotep Hetepsekhemwy Hetepsekhmoui Houdjefa I. Huni Ihmes I. Ihmes II (Ihmes its Neith) Ibi II Imhotep INED Ini I. Ini II Ioufeni Ioupout I. Ioupout II Iry-Hor Isou Ity Iytenou Ja-ib Ka Kachta Kamose Kay Khaba Khababash Kephren Khamoudy Khaouserr Khsekhmem Khatiri Khendjer Khoui Khouiiker Khyan Kha Khufu Khafre Khety I. Khety II Khety III Khety IV Khety V Khety VI Khety VII Koufou Matibr Hatshepsut Hatshepsut Menes Menkaouhor Menkaure Menkar Mentuhotep Mentuhotep I. Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI Mentuhotep VII Mrenhor Merneptah Merenre Merenre I. Merenre II Meribr Khety Mridjefar Merikare Merikare I. Merikare II Merikheperr Merneith Mery-Re-oUser Merneptah Montouemsaf Mentuhotep I. Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI a href = "Montouhotep_VII" alt = "Mentuhotep VII" class = "mw-redirect"> Mentuhotep VII Mouths Menkaure Narmer Nebka Nebnoun Nebououserr Nebra Nechepso Nectanebo Nectanebo I. Nectanebo II Nedjemibr Neferefre Neferhotep I. Neferhotep I Neferhotep III Neferirkare Neferirkare II Neferirkare Kakai Nferkahor Anu Nferkamin Nferkamin I. Nferkaouhor Nferkaour Nferkar Nferkar Nferkar Nferkar II Nferkar III Nferkar IV Nferkar V Nferkar VII Nferkar Pepiseneb Nferkasokar Nfrousobek Nhsi Necho Necho I. Necho II Nphrits I. Nphrits II Nerkar Nesbanebdjed I. Netjerkar Nimlot I. Nimlot III Ninetjer Niuserre Nitocris Ny-Hor Nykar Osorkon former Osorkon I. Osorkon II Osorkon III Osorkon IV Ouadjekh Ouadja Ouadjkar Ouadjnes Ougaf Unas Ouneg Oupouaoutemsaf Userkaf Ouserkar Ousermontou Padimenti Pe-Hor Peftjaouaouibastet Penamon Pepi Pepi I. Pepi II Peribsen Petubastis I. Petubastis II Petubastis III Piankhy Pimay Pinudjem I. Philadelphus Philometor Philopator Physcon Psammetichus I. Psammetichus II Psammetichus III Psammouthis Psusennes Psusennes I. Psusennes II Ptolemy I Ptolemy II Ptolemy III Ptolemy IV Ptolemy V Ptolemy VI Ptolemy VII Ptolemy VIII Ptolemy IX Ptolemy X Ptolemy XI Ptolemy XII Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV Qa Qakar-Ibi Rahotep Ramses Ramses I Ramses II Ramses III Ramses IV Ramesses V Ramses VI Ramses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramses X Ramses XI Reneb Reniseneb Scorpion King Roudamon Sahathor Sahu Salitis Sanakht Snkhenr Soudjetou Scorpio I. Scorpion II Seb Sehetepibr I. Sehetepibr III Skemkar Sekhemkhet Sekhemr Khouitaoui Sekhemr Khoutaoui Sekhenr Smerkhet Senaib Senakht Snakhtenr Tao I. Senebmiou Snedj [Souadjkar II Sqnenr Tao II Sesostris I. Sesostris II Sesostris III Sesostris IV Seth I. Seti I. Seti II Setnakht Seth Peribit Sen Shabaka Shabataka Shishak I. Shishak II Shishak III Shishak IV Shishak V Shishak VI Siamon Siptah Smendes Smenkhkare Smenkhkare Sneferka Snefru Sobekemsaf I. Sobekemsaf II Sobekhotep I. Sobekhotep II Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep IV Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep VI Sobekhotep VII Sobekhotep VIII Sobekhotep IX Sogdianus Soter Stephinates Tachos Taharqa Takelot I. Takelot II Takelot III Tanwetamani Taousert Tefnakht Teos Teti Thutmose I. Thutmose II Thutmose III Thutmose IV Thutmose Thutmose I. Thutmose II Thutmose III Thutmose IV Tiu Tutankhaten Tutankhamun Xerxes I Xerxes II Yakhouba Har-
  Chronological order	Predynastic Period Period protodynastic Dynasty Zero Horus Serekh Horus Ny-Hor Horus Hat-Hor Horus Iry-Ro Horus Ka Horus Scorpion Period Thinite First dynasty Meni ( Menes ) Horus Narmer Horus Aha (Athothis, Atot, Teti) Horus Djer (kenkeni Horus Zer, It, Iti ITIT) Horus Ouadja (Ounphs Horus Wadjy , Iterty, Ita) Horus Den (Ousaphas Horus Oudimou) Horus Adjibi (Mibis, cowpea, Horus Enezib) Horus Smerkhet (Smepss, Semenpss, Semenptah) Horus Qa (Oubianths, Bienechs, Qaa Horus, Horus Kaa) Second Dynasty Hetepsekhemwy (Hetepsekhmoui, Hotep) Nebra (Nebra Reneb, Noubnfer) Ninette (Ninetfer, Binothris, Binthus) Ouneg (Ouadnes) Snedj (Send) Horus Sekhmeb (Tlas) Seth Peribit Sen ( Peribsen Nferkar ) Khsekhmem Khaskhemouy Djadjay Old Kingdom Third Dynasty Nebka ( Senakht ?) Senakht Djoser Sekhemkhet ( Msochris ) Khaba Nferkar Huni ( Nferkar ?) Fourth Dynasty Snefru Koufou ( Cheops ) Djedefre Kephren ( Chephren ) Menkaure ( Menkaure ) Chepseskaf Fifth Dynasty Userkaf Sahu Nferirfar Chepseskar Neferefre Niuserre Menkaouhor Djedkare-ized Unas Sixth Dynasty Teti Ouserkar Pepi I. Merenre I. Pepi II Merenre II Nitokris I re interim Seventh Dynasty Netjerkar (Netjerikar, Nferkar the Younger) Menkar Nferkar II Nferkar Neby (Nferkar III) Djedkare Shema (Djedkare II) Nferkar Khendou (Nferkar IV) Mrienhor Nferkamin (Menrenhor) Nferkamin Nykar (Nikara) Nferkar Tereru (Nferkar Tererou V) Nferkahor Eighth Dynasty Nferkar Pepiseneb Anu Nferkamin Qakar-Ibi Nferkaour Nferkaouhor Neferirkare II Skemkar Ouadjkar Ity Imhotep Hotep Khoui (Chou) Isou Iytenou Ninth Dynasty Mribr Khety I. Merikare Nferkar VII Khety II Khety III Khety IV Tenth Dynasty Khety V Khety VI Khety VII Merikare I. Eleventh dynasty Theban I. Mentuhotep ( Mentuhotep I. ) Antef I. Antef II Antef III Middle Kingdom Eleventh dynasty Theban Mentuhotep II ( Mentuhotep II ) Mentuhotep III ( Mentuhotep III ) Mentuhotep IV ( Mentuhotep IV ) Twelfth Dynasty Amenemhat I. Sesostris I. Amenemhat II Sesostris II Sesostris III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Nfrousbek Second Intermediate Period Thirteenth Dynasty Sobekhotep I. Sobekhotep II Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep IV Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep VI Sobekhotep VII Sobekhotep VIII Sobekhotep IX Fourteenth Dynasty Hyksos Antef IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI Amenemhat V Amenemhat VI Amenemhat VII XV Dynasty Hyksos Salatis Yakhouba Har- Khyan Apophis I. Khamudi Apophis II ? Sixteenth Dynasty Hyksos XVII th Dynasty Theban Antef V Rahotep Sobekemsaf II Djehuty Mentuhotep VII Nbiryaou I. Antef VII Snakhtenr Tao I. Sqnenr Tao II Kamose Ahmose (Ahmose, Ahmose before the reunification of Egypt) New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty Ahmose I. Amenhotep I (Amenophis Djserkar) Thutmose I. (akhprkar Thutmose) Tuthmosis II (Thutmose akheprenr) Hatshepsut (Hatshepsut Hatshepsut) Tuthmosis III (Thutmose Menkheperre) Amenhotep II (Amenophis akhprour) Thutmose IV (Menkhprour Thutmose) Amenhotep III (Amenophis Nebmaatre) Amenhotep IV (Amenophis Nferkhprour) then Akhenaten a href = "% C3% N A9fern% C3% A9f% C3% A9rouaton" class = "mw-redirect" title = "Nfernfrouaton"> Nfernfrouaton? Smenkhkare Tutankhaten then Tutankhamun A Horemheb Nineteenth dynasty Ramses I Seti I. Ramses II Merneptah Seti II Amenmes Siptah Taousert XX th Dynasty Setnakht Ramses III Ramses IV Ramesses V Ramses VI Ramses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramses X Ramses XI Herihor Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Tanis Smendes Pinudjem I. (co-Pharaoh at Thebes) Amenemnesout Psusennes I. Amenemope Osorkon former Siamon Psusennes II XXII dynasty of Bubastis Shishak I. Osorkon I. Shishak II Takelot Osorkon II Takelot II Shishak III Pimay Shishak IV Dynasty of high priests of Amun at Thebes, parallel to the twenty-first and XXII Dynasties XXIII Dynasty of Tanis Petubastis I. Ioupout Shishak V Osorkon III Takelot III Roudamon Ioupout II Osorkon IV XXIV Dynasty of Tanis Tefnakht Bakenranef (Bocchoris) Late Period XXV dynasty Kushite Piankhy Shabaka (Shabaka) Shabataka (Chabataka) Taharqa Tanwetamani (Tantamana) XXVI Dynasty Saite Necho I. Psammetichus I. Necho II Psammetichus II Apries Amasis Psammetichus III XXVII dynasty Persia Cambyses II Smerdis (MAGI) Darius I Xerxes I Artaxerxes I. Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Dynasty XXVIII Amyrte Dynasty XXIX Nphrits Psammouthis Achoris Nphrits II XXX Dynasty Nectanebo I. Teos (Tachos) Nectanebo II XXXI Dynasty Persia Artaxerxes III Arses Darius III Alexander the Great Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Evergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Evergetes II Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy X Alexander Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Cleopatra VII Ptolemy XIII Dionysus Ptolemy XIV Philopator II Ptolemy XV Caesarion Roman Dynasty
  See also kings of Napata kings of Meroe

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