Graffiti
Graffiti exist since ancient times, some examples of which date back to ancient Greece and to the Roman Empire Vocabulary The Italian word graffiti comes from the Latin graphium (scratch), which derives its etymology from the Greek graphein () which means either writing, drawing or painting. Graffiti in French comes from the Italian graffito term for a pen to write . In French, the graffiti from the New York tradition and culture associated with hip-hop are often called graffiti . The authors of these graffiti are called graffiti or graffiti-artists, rather than graffiti. In Quebec, it is not uncommon to call them graffiti-artists of graffiti artists or writers, as in English. The loanwords Calligraffiti and Calligraffiti attributed to Bando in The Book of Graffiti were not selected through use or by claiming the middle of this urban art form. In English, it most often refers to as the painters of graffiti-artists, writers or aerosol-artists. These graffiti artists are known by putting their " blaze " or of the collective (Posse , crew , squad, etc. ...) to which they belong in their works, walls, subways, or trucks. Graffiti is the name given to the drawings or inscriptions calligraphy, painted or drawn in various ways on a property. Some see graffiti as a form of art that deserves to be exhibited in galleries, while others see it as undesirable. In its most elaborate forms, graffiti is a form of graphic art. The " Tag "is an early signature used in" vandal "or a simple accompaniment graffiti. The "flop" is a performance graph that is to paint a room (graffiti) in one shot bomb. This process is rather difficult to achieve, some graffiti artists prefer to consider that to paint one letter at a glance is the "flop". One generally distinguishes the graffiti fresco by the illegal status or at least underground, registration. So it is a priori questionable qualify cave paintings to graffiti, because we do not know their status at the time . The graffiti is of great importance in archeology : they belong, with the text inscriptions , written testimony non-literary, popular, often very "alive" and able to reveal new aspects of the societies that produced them. These graffiti are generally written in Vulgar Latin and bring a wealth of information for linguists as the literacy of the population (because these texts contain spelling or grammar). Precisely because of the presence of these faults, these texts also provide clues about how Latin was pronounced by speakers. You can still read graffiti aged two millennia Pompeii because it is one of the few sites that is sufficiently well preserved. Indeed, graffiti are inherently ephemeral and disappear, either because their support has disappeared, either because they were manually deleted or have been victims of natural erosion of their support. There are numerous other ancient examples: graffiti Maya at Tikal ( Guatemala ), graffiti Vikings in Ireland or Rome , runes Varangian Turkey, etc.. We often find graffiti, sometimes very old, in places sheltered from light, humidity and little decorated such as prison cells, the monastic cells, barracks , the holds of boats, basements the catacombs (the graffiti of early Christians in the Roman catacombs , are an important source of documentation about them), etc.. The Lantern Tower at La Rochelle , France, is full of graffiti of prisoners, workers and sailors, who for many ships: frigates, warships, etc.. Some wood furniture are often engraved with inscriptions: tables and benches for schools , public toilet doors. The many Romanesque churches were carved graffiti covered immediately by a coating. The church Moings is one example. A museum of ancient graffiti exists Marsilly. But the first museum of historical graffiti was created by Serge Ramond in 1987 Verneuil-en-Halatte in Oise. It contains more than 3500 casts of graffiti all over France covering 10,000 years of history. Around the age of fifty, Restif of the Breton writer libertine of the eighteenth century , reported the events of his life in the form of graffiti that was on the parapets of the bridges of the Ile Saint-Louis during her walks Daily. He abandoned this manic activity (which lasted from 1780 to 1787 ) by noting the disappearance of his words too fast and after realizing that erased the malicious hands . He then made a statement of his own words he finally transcribed in a book published posthumously, entitled My Listings. Urban graffiti often develops in a context of political tension: during the revolution , under the occupation (the Reichstag in Berlin covered with graffiti by Russian troops) during the war in Algeria in May 1968 , on the Wall Berlin or in areas where there are problems of autonomy ( Britain of the 1970s , Northern Ireland , etc..). In the late 1960's and in several countries on both sides of the Atlantic, mainly because of the availability of aerosol paint "enamel" (originally intended for automotive painting), part of graffiti has gained oriented aesthetic. The movement was very dramatic in the New York subway trains that were suddenly covered with names, Taki 183 , Tracy 168, Stay High 149, etc. . In recent years, these " tags "(signatures) are sophisticated and have become real fonts, the authors have declined to write their message (most often their names) in order to increase visibility or to develop style for marking or assert their personality, to be part of collective memory would do in their environment, sometimes at least as a precursor of a simple style. The purpose of graffiti is starting to get "the Fame", that is to say, fame, recognition by other taggers or graffiti writers their meaning they exist. All means will be good for that. The mere assertion of identity (I nicknamed Taki, I live in the 183 th Street " , my name through the city every day, I exist) has doubled ambitions plastics, which are proved to be another way to get noticed: it is not only the most active graffiti artist or one who takes the most risks that gets some recognition, but also one that produces the most beautiful works. Very quickly, standardized styles (lettering "bubbles" lettering "wild style") and practices ("top-to-bottom for Whole " , "Whole Car Windows Down , "throw-up , etc.). crystallize. Groups (called "possession", "crews", "squads" or "gangs"), as the City of New York has always known, form and allow graffiti artists to come together to perform actions spectacular (paint several rowing a train for example), to add a collective name for their individual name but also between groups compete, peacefully or not. In 1973 , the New York Magazine is launching the most beautiful of the subway graffiti. In the mid 1970's , the graffiti culture is more or less rigid in its operation and its productions. Culture hip-hop emerges from graffiti but also other forms of expression born at the same time: a new dance rather Freestyle ( break dance ), a genre-based spoken word ( rap ), mixing disks ( dee jaying ) ( scratch ) and outdoor parties ( sound systems ). The two most famous pioneers of a combination between break dancing, rap, dee-jaying and graffiti are Phase 2 and Fab Five Freddy. In the late 1970s , graffiti has been severely repressed in the metro New York and began to spread on the walls of the borough 's inner city before spread to other major U.S. cities ( Los Angeles , Chicago , Philadelphia , Houston ) and in various European cities: Paris , London , Berlin , Amsterdam and Barcelona in particular. It was at this time that the art scene is beginning to seriously address the subject . Graffiti of "legendary" such as Lee Quinones , Seen , Futura 2000 and Fab Five Freddy paint on canvas and displaying their work at galleries such as Tony Shafrazi Gallery or the Fun Gallery of Patti Astor , the gallery Fashion Moda, or the Sydney Janis Gallery. Painters who are not especially from disadvantaged neighborhoods in New York and have generally followed a course in classical art or visual communication, interested in the idea of an art or urban art underground, join in graffiti (like Jenny Holzer , who will write her " truisms "bomb by Pink Lady ) or appropriate practice ( Jean-Michel Basquiat , Keith Haring , Kenny Scharf , Rammellzee ). In 1960 , Brassai Graffiti publishes the book, the fruit of thirty years of research, regularly reprinted, which offers the graffiti as a form of art brut , primitive, ephemeral. Picasso is involved. This is probably the first time that we talk about graffiti as an art. In the wake of May 1968 , the political messages of the Paris street are gaining in poetry and graphic quality. They include whether students in philosophy, literature, political science or art, and often absurd humor or a sense of the form studied instead: "Hide yourself, object! "" A revolution that calls for sacrifices herself for her is a revolution to the dad. "" Happiness is a new idea. "" Poetry is in the street, "" Life Is Elsewhere, "" Disobeying first: then write on the walls (Law of May 10, 1968.) "," I like to write on the walls. "Etc.. . These slogans are written either by brush, roller, spray paint (rare) or silk-screened posters. It is this view that wild-born activist and a tradition of Parisian graffiti aesthetic purpose. In the late 1970s , the artist Ernest Pignon-Ernest produce silkscreened posters, no slogans, he will be exhibiting in several cities: "deportees", pasted on the walls of houses demolition and representative of actual size people holding suitcases or a mattress, "Rimbaud," the representative poet, young, still at full size. The serigraphs urban Ernest Pignon-Ernest challenge the passer and ask what is the place of man or of poetry in the modern city. To make themselves known, the Parisian punk bands like The Bonnot Gang or Milk Lucrate use the bomb with or without stencils, markers on all media. Their references are the art movement Dada or COBRA (Copenhagen, Brussels, Amsterdam) and of course the punk scene: the Ex Holland, the Clash or London Berurier Black in France. A few years later, the first " stencil "as Blek le Rat or Jef Aerosol continue on the same principle, their works are paintings done by stencilling. From 1982 to announce their "first art supermarket," Roma Napoli and JJ Dow Jones Group Dix10 posted up in the Beaubourg area of large posters with the characters of Comic's, twenty years later, still active, are found in the One night movement. Besides the stencil, many artists interested in urban art and clandestine, as Gerard Zlotykamien who painted silhouettes evoking ghoulish shadows on the walls remained of Hiroshima ; Mesnager Jerome , author of men who are painted white on the banks of the Seine, the VLP (Vive La Peinture) , which invest the fences around the hole of Halles by covering them with colorful frescoes wild hyper-vitamin. It is also the time of Figuration Libre , a time of joyful creativity and humor, born of Pop-Art of Bazooka , the video clip , graffiti, often found in the street with Combas , The Brothers Ripoulin ( who painted on signs posted illegally), group-Banlieue Banlieue which commences its activities in 1982 with performances for concerts and exhibitions in suburban glue huge murals painted on craft paper. Baugeste Daniel Costa and Claude (who were locked at night in the subway in order to deflect hits), Herv Di Rosa , Speedy Graffito , Chimicos paella , etc.. Besides the street, the catacombs of Paris are also at that time an important place of graffiti. In the Paris suburbs, the CAS group (Terrorist Art System) is created in 1987. It includes five stencil (Ashdod, Mad, Monzon Jenlain and Snooker). By 1989, Monzon creates the first of a new wave of stencils: stencil hip-hop, so called in reference to the graffiti culture in which it is incorporated U.S., linking the English movement based on stencils and the American movement, based on lettering aerosol. This wave will flourish especially in Brussels where he will draw the wave stencils for over ten years with stencil graffiti movement from the U.S., such as Hostage TAS, Superior TAS TAS Monzon, Lo TAS TAS Snyker, Kami BTN, etc. ... or punk, such as Sonik TAS TAS Pelo or Mr K CAS. The concept of stencils hip hop popularized in the exhibition "Stencils hip-hop" in Brussels in 1999, the Cultural Shop Anderlecht, organized by the association Print 51. Graffiti "New York" appeared in France in 1982 - 1983 , with artists such as Spirit, Darco , Bando , Blitz, Lokiss Scipio, or Skki Saho (now Ash2) now known as the Ash. The first press articles devoted to this phenomenon as yet no date 1986 . Towards 1986 - 87 , graffiti "New York" and his hip-hop are definitely not in Paris on forms closer to the world of contemporary art , which returns exceptions, its galleries. The graffiti is evolving rapidly and early 2000s comes the so-called new generation. The lettering becomes more square, and the evolution of technology allows him to spray paint more quickly, with new colors and new effects. This generation is based on the so-called old school but affirmed and removed the traces of the previous one by its intense activity and the practice of cleaning (the act of painting on a spot already occupied). In 1961 , the Berlin Wall was built. It symbolically and physically separates Europe socialist so-called "Eastern" Europe Atlanticist called "West". While the East Germans have no right to approach the wall, those in the West come from their side write slogans, boasting a total goodwill of the authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany that makes Berlin at the time the capital of freedom, art and culture-cons: it is the right to consume hashish , many squats and thrive is a Mecca of Punk , with London and New York. Many artists come from around the world then to paint on the wall that is almost completely smeared at the time of its destruction in 1989. The separation barrier Israel is the beginning of its construction a medium of expression. First covered with slogans it quickly became the medium of art initiated in the form of tags, posters and graffiti more or less creative, some are made by famous artists, whose posters photographer JR , the frescoes in the English street artist Banksy graffiti or paint and Mr Cana, who also works in the Palestinian refugee camps. , In Spain , the hip-hop culture has penetrated later than in the rest of Europe So Paulo The pixaa is a particular kind of graffiti to the city Brazilian from So Paulo , characterized by the extent of areas covered and simplicity in writing adapted to the harsh conditions under which the exercise takes place. The affixing of a signature and sometimes a message is usually more important than the aesthetic . Pixadores expressed primarily on the walls of the metropolis and the pursuit of visibility leads them to paint entire walls or surfaces located in areas with difficult access. We find them the logic of cooperation, which are also essential to the achievement of certain premises by burglary or housebreaking. The pixaa is still a street culture, regarded by residents as vandalism. It is also practiced primarily by a poorly educated population, even quasi-illiterate, who sees him primarily as a way of life. A sequence of film Pixo however, shows a need for some recognition, including the frustration expressed by an action at an exhibition in an art school. If this movement is not in the galleries, artists and international critics are keenly interested in this art alive. There are many techniques of graffiti or street art equivalent, such as: paint spray (with or without stencil ), painting with the airbrush , the engraving (on windows, on walls, on metal plates on the bark of trees, etc..), the marker and pen, chalk, paint roller or brush, the acid (for glass or metal) which can be added in a definition Extended graffiti, the display (see screen prints of Antonio Gallego ), the stickers , the casting (resin or plaster stuck to the walls) and the mosaic (see: Space Invader ). The cape is the valve on the top of the bomb, in which lots of painting. It is removable. There are different kinds and it regulates the flow of paint. Course used for the characters in graffiti, it allows for very fine lines and precise, for greater realism. Cape mainly used for lines in graffiti, it allows for relatively fine lines and precise. Tags, flops or tows with a Fat Cap. There are different caps. The Fat Cap is a course that once attached to the spray paint can produce thick. This is the course that can create large plots. The Ultra Fat Cap allows you to make features even thicker than the Fat Cap. It is widely used in vandal tag because it is very clear and graffiti vandal because he can quickly fill the lettering. Graffiti "New York" is characterized by relatively defined forms where individual creativity is expressed in a coded and involve the membership in a culture (language, places, concerns, musical tastes, etc.).. There are generally three levels of production: The " Tag "(mark, signature) is the simple drawing of the artist. The gesture is very usually worked in the style of calligraphy Chinese or Arabic. This is a logo more than a writing, and often only manage to decipher the familiar name that is written. The techniques used are generally of aerosol, marker, sticker ( sticker ), and since the late 2000s , the sprayer. The latter technique is difficult to control, requires a basic style and legible letters. The "Throw-Up" or "Flop" is an intermediate form between the tag and the workpiece. The letter suffered a first setting volume greatly simplified and often performed in a style "Bubble". In general, Throw-ups are made in minutes using two colors (fill and outline). They are intended to cover an average area, such as a metal awning, truck, or Wall Street in minimum time. The Block-Letters are made bomb or a roller on large surfaces visible from a distance (edge of highway, railway). Originally squarish shape (hence the name), they are most often made with a filling chromium (which is the only color bomb to cover in an effective and sustainable walls undressed) and a black outline or vice versa. In recent years, more and more graffiti artists have developed Block Letters-roll, which had the effect of adding color to these peri-urban areas. When the graffiti artist has time to "spots" legal (walls of free expression, festivals, professional orders) or not ("Halls of Fame located in abandoned factories, under bridges or in open spaces), it can unleash the technique and finesse of graffiti in creating pieces individually or in groups. In these cases, the work of colors and shapes are more constrained by time as in the illegal action. The individual style of the artist is revealed as the time determining what style. Insiders easily recognize the work of graffiti artists or crews highlights such as Daim (Germany) and its parts in 3D, Honet (France) and parts simplistic and third degree as being on the wall, XL, Xtra Largos (Spain) their graphic compositions or the MSK, Mad Society Kingdom, while taking an American style behind their work derivative of typography. Regarding the styles most commonly used include the Wildstyle (where the letters are hardly legible, abstractises intermeshed and decorative), 3D (highlighted letters and lighting), Ignoramus style (in which graffiti experienced attempts to reproduce the effects beginner or second degree is a must) ... Some graffiti-artists paint some letters and specialize in the design of scenery, figurative or abstract, or characters. The New York graffiti art inspired by several so-called "minor", such as cartoon , the tattoo and displays. Street art category gathers stencils , interventions in urban furniture, hijacking ads, stickers , posters, collages, paintings that are not centered on lettering, facilities, etc.. A character can represent a person, a monster, a super hero, animal, portrait, fantasy, or any kind of unified form after the imagination of the artist. It can be done in a cartoon style, realistic or surrealistic. A room is a set of stylized letters, a representation developed the name of the artist. A play is performed with 3 or more colors and may be accompanied by a character. It is often more complex than desired and other types of graffiti. The sketch is a sketch or drawing on paper perfected. It can be done in black and white or color. It can be simple or complex, represented lettering, a character or a landscape. The graffiti artist often puts his best in a sketch blackbook which is like a bible in the world of graffiti Suports the walls are particularly in big city aglommeration in areas frequented by humans. Early on in the graffiti, the writers took a certain pleasure in seeing their name travel. Not only the movement offers an extra dimension to the work, but it allows more graffiti artist to become known through the various neighborhoods of the city and beyond. Thus, different types of vehicles are tagged and Graff: vans, trucks, subways, train, trains, etc.. Some artists have even painted the Concorde exposed to the Delta Museum Athis-Mons , at the Orly airport . The graffiti artists are often asked for their capacity by the owner of the truck so that it can differentiate it from other trucks (like the market for example). Those paid work are own by meeting the expectations of the truck but it may happen that some graffiti truck are covered by other bands rival. That's why truckers are seeking muralists known around the world of graffiti on it not to be ironed or more. Tunnel networks are underground transit spots favored by graffiti artists. In the 1980s , seeing their graffiti were removed at the surface and on trains, the writers went underground . Besides the pieces are in place , these spots have the advantage that many people passive and therefore inclined to look out the window each day passes. The repetitive aspect of the graffiti here is reinforced by the fact that it is often the same route that is performed daily by travelers. Because of the darkness in the tunnels, most of the graffiti that are executed are becoming bright chrome to the passage of the train. The tracks are like tunnels, they are places of passage and the aim is for a graffiti artist that are implemented or admired by the most people possible. They are still a dangerous place for some artists and some die every year without stopping the expansion of the graffiti because the railroad is the principal site of expression worldwide. The Wildstyle Graffiti is a style in which letters are intermingled, amalgamated and extravagant. Their ends are dynamic and can turn into arrows or points. The letters are so distorted and worked with style as it is difficult to decipher a wildstyle for the uninitiated. It is a complex style to achieve that requires a lot of technique. Style bubble-shaped letters. This circular and rounded style is often used for flops. It is also called throw-up, used by Cope 2, Seen, O'clock (LT 27/156) Tipex (CVR/952) Zixo (CVR) etc ... Graffiti style from the first waves of graffiti. The 70s to the 80s. Abstract graffiti. The legibility of the lettering is not the fundamental characteristic. This style involves block shapes in the work of letters. The shapes are square or rectangular which gives an effect of heaviness and solidity to the piece. This is one of the easiest styles to read, very use chrome on motorways and railway stations. This style of graffiti is in response to stylized styles, techniques, and as complicated wildstyle or 3D. The style is ignoring a basic style, childlike yet innovative. Please do not confuse a missed graffiti and graffiti-style ignorant. Behind the simplicity of this kind of piece hides a special technique and a freedom of form. Uninhibited graffiti. This style refers to all tags, flop, parts vandal particularly violent. It trickles down, it takes up space, and it is all too apparent. This style for the characters and landscapes. Graphic works are inspired by cartoons, comics or just after the imagination of the artist. The surreal side prevails in this style. Graffiti whose outlines are sharp, sharp. Many reasons explain the existence of graffiti. Some graffiti contain secrets or public concerning the site that serves as their support. This applies, for example, discrete and coded graffiti left by burglars on houses to tell their colleagues if the place is interesting, dangerous, poorly maintained, etc.. It is also the case for stars of David or the words "Juden" conspicuously painted on the shops of traders Jews by the Nazis in Germany in 1930 , inscriptions were often appeals to vandalize the premises, to molest their tenants and to boycott the shops. In the same vein, some graffiti are messages or defamatory accusations from anonymous "crows" variety. Some graffiti used to mark territory, as do the criminal gangs like the Crips and Bloods in Los Angeles. Sometimes graffiti can be described as reactions to other messages in urban areas, such as advertisements diverted (see Le Pen is or add ERD) or commentary (not junk food! "," stop at porn! ") and signs, or other diversions graffiti (" Long live the King, "which becomes" live the roast "in the 1930's in France). The group of debunkers , established in 2005, for example, has specialized in graffiti on billboards, in the interests of landscape conservation activist. Many graffiti-artists create their images say precisely in reaction to saturation advertising: to images venal purposes, they oppose free images; to messages promoting standardized products, they oppose an advertisement for themselves. It is also sometimes advertise in the proper sense: advertising for a disc released in confidence to a group of rock , for an artist to a political party, etc.. Some graffiti are simple expressions, anonymous or not, feelings of the heart various cries, Joy ("he is fine and I am happy"), declaration of love ("I love you Melissa") or hatred. It identifies for the antiquity of many examples of tributes to the dead, their graves (see for example the tombs of some artists and poets at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris) or in other places: the wall home of Serge Gainsbourg , rue de Verneuil in Paris, was covered with graffiti-tributes after the death of the singer. Tributes of this type are also common in the graffiti "New York" . The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 has generated a large amount of graffiti memorial, paying special tribute to the services (police, fire) of the city. It is common today when a graffiti artist dies, those tagged with him him tribute by continuing to ask his blaze, followed by the words RIP and REP The question of tribute is now often linked to the concept of ownership, in the sense that more and more, the writers pose the blaze of friends, colleagues, etc.. This movement tends to worsen has several origins: first one to please the person so dedicated, who will receive the photo as this. Common ritual in a "Crew" (team). This is also done much to show others a link between "dedicated" and "ddicaceur" if the first has the reputation. Then, it can also be plagiarism. A rival decides to usurp a name he saw. Finally, by hype, people use a fashionable blaze, to get the prestige. Thus the notion of honor in the graffiti is subject to many excesses. The owner of a name is not necessarily the one who leaves traces, and vice versa, there are many traces left unknown to the owner. The memory as a record is also an important aspect of graffiti on a tree by carving his love, drawing on his classroom or on a wall by placing the testimony of the run (as the pioneers of the runway Oregon , in 1864 , or as " Kilroy "in 1944 ), the author turns his support of graffiti in a real piece of memory: memory, memory of events, individual memory ... This motivation takes on a copy with Restif the Breton who held the newspaper 's memorabilia on the parapets of the bridges of Paris. Graffiti is sometimes the visual arts , the literature or the humor . It is then a manifestation of the human mind, its poetic and ephemeral aspect altruistic in its mode of dissemination. Finally, some graffiti come from simple vandalism , incivility, which shares some sociologists are a way of asserting its existence ("I break so I am"). Some young people can find through graffiti, a desire for revenge on life and self-assertion, or a way to forget the gloom and sadness of their lives. Graffiti " hip hop "or" tag ", which represents 90% of graffiti in the U.S. and probably as much in most countries, is a complex case. He often gives aesthetic ambitions but at the same time is a form of secret language, intended to be understood only by a limited population, which does not go without irritating the public perceives that although he requires for images that do it are not intended . The "tag" was actually his own culture. Each tagger has a nickname and a signature (blaze) he uses to claim ambitious works but also (more commonly, because it's easier), to show its presence in a place and make themselves known, transforming the city into a sort of treasure hunt and strategic giant. A tagger can have many talents: an ability to paint in places not easily accessible, energy and the nerve enough to write his name everywhere (the vocabulary is devoted explicitly: "explode", "destroy", "card", etc.. ) or a true artistic talent. The ultimate goal of "tag" is apparently difficult to explain: adrenaline? local celebrity? ... This is the form of graffiti that causes the most controversy, especially because of the magnitude of the phenomenon but also, probably, because it is the expression of a culture well defined. For some people, the tag is primarily aimed vandalism then the destruction they paint so illegally. But for others, graffiti is an art of living, a hobby they practice in legal fields, the boundary between these two faces is p ometimes nonexistent: a graffiti artist who made a superb fresco colorful, comic, day, can go into the street and quickly put his signature, illegally so he could be recognized. This is part of the same assembly, tagging and graffiti. History and Ideology (s) of law enforcement and court cases of the SNCF / RATP. Fairly early in the history of graffiti "New York", young artists were paid to decorate clubs and storefronts or metal shutters of shops. Some truly live this activity, including artists 'legendary' which others dare not sack beginner graffiti work: having an iron curtain painted by a graffiti artist is respected insurance The newspapers 'generalists' devoted to hip-hop often widely open their columns to graffiti. Many French magazines, World signs for example, have suffered or disappeared, following the decision of the Joint Commission no longer assigned to graffiti magazines number of joint committee, sesame allowing accredited magazines have a VAT rate reduced by 2.1% and aid to the postal delivery , arguing that these magazines presented in a positive activity punishable by law. Internet sites have emerged late 90's, like Art Crimes, Maquis-art.com , fatcap.org, bombingart.com, some have disappeared and others are structured as a limited liability company maquis-art.com or Association Act 1901 as AERO. Shops devoted to the purchase of material for writers exist in several major cities in Europe or North America. It includes paintings with rare colors and cover properties adapted for "caps" (the cap of the spray diffuser) used to make lines to the precise forms - very thin or very thick, for example - very markers wide, masks, goggles or protective suits, etc.. Several brands of spray paint by acclaimed muralists took advantage of this celebrity, Krylon , Red Devil , Altona , Alac , SIM2 , Dupli-color , Marabout-Buntlack. Most have tried to separate their brand of graffiti, such as Krylon has launched an outreach program called Graffiti Hurts (graffiti hurts) . Conversely, some brands such as Clash paint , paint Beat , Montana colors and Montana Cans are clearly customer graffiti artists. Several exhibitions have been devoted to graffiti and tags: Other museums such as the memory wall, Verneuil-en-Halatte in the Oise or the museum of ancient graffiti , Marsilly (Charente-Maritime) have allowed this artistic expression to have a top marginal official recognition. The WALL attempts to propose a framework to graffiti. Outside of fiction devoted to hip-hop culture, many stories contain moments where the narrative importance graffiti on the course of events. Fiction giving a prominent place to the graffiti writers are generally the hip hop culture. Etymology
Current use
History
The ancient graffiti could be so many campaign ads, messages from fans to some athletes (athletes or gladiators), messages related to political, religious, erotic or pornographic material, personnel, etc.. Some examples :
Antiquity and Middle Ages have left numerous examples of graffiti: the Agora of Athens , the Valley of the Kings in Egypt , the major caravanserai of the Arab world, etc.. These entries may have a historical significance that is far from trivial, for example by proving that Greek mercenaries served in Egypt in seventh century BCE .
In the city of Ephesus , there was graffiti advertising for prostitutes, showing graphically how to pitch and how much money they could find work of love. New York
These groups are often formed by ethnic names and acronyms for two or three words: Soul Artists (SA), The Crazy Artists (TCA), etc.. Paris
Origins
The stencil
Pioneers
In Paris, the New York graffiti is privileged places like the banks of the Seine, the palisades of the Louvre or the Pompidou Centre , the wasteland of Stalingrad / La Chapelle , then gradually spread to cities and suburbs where hip-hop finds its second wind becoming more popular and less bourgeois. Paris attracts many European graffiti (Shoe, Boxer, Lord Anthony Cahn, Tedy, Mode 2, Sino) but also American ( Jonone , Futura 2000, T-Kid, A-One ). The Paris metro
div class = "detail-only section navigation plainlinks noprint" style = "overflow: hidden"> This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! Development in the provinces
The Next Generation
Berlin
Palestine
Barcelona
Technical aspects
Hardware
Caps
Ultra Skinny Cap
Skinny Cap
Fat Cap
Ultra Fat Cap
Disciplines
Tag
Throw-Up-Block Letters
Rooms and Frescos
Street Art
Characters
Coin
Sketch
Media
Full Street
Rolling
Trucks
Trains and subways
Tunnels
Railways
Roof
Style
Wildstyle
Bubble
Old School
Abstract
Block
Ignorant
Hardcore
Cartoon
Honed
Motivations
Swiss Graffiti 
Some graffiti are the communication pure and thus serve to disseminate a message , such as a message policy , often (but not only) a clandestine political message: nationalism regional Northern Ireland , in Britain or in Corsica , "V" victory and freedom under the occupation of Nazi, etc.. The anti-graffiti
Economy of graffiti
Places of conservation and study of graffiti
Graffiti fiction
Literature
Comics
TV
Cinema
Games
Bibliography
Films
Documentaries
Fiction
References
See also
Related articles
External Links
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