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1993

Years:
One thousand nine hundred and ninety 1,991 1992 one thousand nine hundred and ninety-three 1 994 1 995 in 1996

Decades:
1,960 1970 1 980 one thousand nine hundred and ninety two thousand 2 010 two thousand and twenty
Centuries:
XIX ^century XX ^century XXI ^century
Millennium:
^First Millennium II ^millennium ^Third Millennium

Chronologies Geographic :
Africa - America : Canada. USA - Asia - Europe : France. Italy. Switzerland - Oceania

Thematic timelines :
Aeronautics Architecture Automotive Comics Railways Movies Disney Law Chess Economics Football Thurs Video Game Computers Literature Music Music Theme Parks Photography Health & Medical Science Sociology Sport Theatre Television

Calendars:
Roman Chinese Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Muslim Persian Republican

This page is for year 1993 of the Gregorian calendar .

Summary

1 Events
2 Thematic Chronologies
- 2.1 Arts and Culture
- 2.2 Prices Nobel
3 Births in 1993
4 Deaths in 1993
5 Notes and references

Events

January 3 : agreements START 2

January 3 : Signed by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin agreements START 2.
January 13 : In Paris ( France ), has signed a convention banning the production and stockpiling of chemical weapons and providing for the destruction of them by 1997. Beginning in 2002 , 147 countries have ratified, excluding Israel and several Arab states .
January 15 - April 7 : National Conference in Chad : the establishment of a regime of transition to multiparty system .
May 24 : Independence of Eritrea after the referendum.
March 26 : Resolution 813 of the Security Council of the United Nations , which authorizes the deployment of UNOSOM II .
March 27 :
- Ousmane was elected president of Niger.
- Albert Zafy , elected President of the Republic of Madagascar.
May 7 : Hassan Gouled Aptidon is confirmed as president of Djibouti with free elections .
June 4 : Fighting between supporters of Mohamed Farrah Aideed and UNOSOM II in Mogadishu. 23 dead in the Pakistani contingent.
June 12 : U.S. helicopter attack against the forces of Mohamed Farrah Aididen Somalia.
June 14 : Introduction of multiparty politics in Malawi.
29 - 30 June : Creation in Cairo "Mechanism of the OAU for the Prevention, Management and Resolution of Conflicts " .
July 7 : Violence around the democratization Brazzaville .
July 8 , Casamance Conflict : Cease-fire signed in Ziguinchor . Father Augustin Diamacoune Senghor , repatriated on March 9 from exile in Guinea-Bissau , asks Casamance separatists to lay down their arms.
July 10 : Melchior Ndadaye , President of Burundi.
September 19 : Patass won the second round of presidential elections in CAR , with over 52% of the vote.
September 22 : Resolution 866 of the Security Council UN . Sending 300 peacekeepers to Liberia.
3 - 4 October : Battle of Mogadishu. Failure of U.S. intervention in Somalia.
October 21 : Assassination of the President of Burundi Ndadaye followed by a veritable genocide of more than 100,000 Tutsis in less than a month. This is the beginning of the civil war.
November 5 : Creating the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) by fourteen countries.
November 17 : Coup d'Etat by General Sani Abacha in Nigeria.
Dec. 7 : Death of Ivorian President Felix Houphouet-Boigny. Bdi , President of Cte d'Ivoire.
December 15 : Government Kablan Duncan in Cte d'Ivoire.
December 19 : Lansana Cont is confirmed as president of Guinea by the first democratic elections .

Political turmoil, social unrest and violent conflict Cameroon in Ivory Coast and Benin.

America

May 19 , Brazil : President Itamar Franco appointed a new Minister of Economy, Fernando Henrique Cardoso who chooses to restore growth to benefit farmers and the poorest, accelerating privatization and fighting against tax evasion. But entrepreneurs are not very optimistic, which limits the credibility that the government can finally stop inflation.
May 31 : The President of Guatemala Jorge Serrano Elas (in) is removed under pressure from the military army.
June 6 : Ramiro de Leon Carpio (in) , President of Guatemala.
June 25 : Canadian federal election. Kim Campbell becomes the ^19th Prime Minister of Canada and the first woman to hold that title.
October 29 : Guatemala Protocol between members of the Central American Common Market , advocating the free movement of workers and capital and monetary union following a process of "gradual and smooth." Without popular support, concrete steps are slow to be implemented.
November 4 : Jean Chretien becomes Prime Minister of Canada. The Liberal Party of Canada wins the election, defeating Progressive Conservative Party of Canada is reduced to 2 seats.

Resumption of private capital flows to the Latin America.
The Mexican government has privatized 80% of its industries, and has reduced inflation from 150% to 10%. No effective measures can reduce the external debt of the country.

Main articles: 1993 in Canada and 1993 in Quebec.

United States

April - October : Midwest Flooding

January 20 : Start of the presidency of Democrat Bill Clinton to the United States.
Feb. 5 : Family Leave Act .
February 11 : Appointment of the first woman ( Janet Reno ) to the post of attorney general by President Bill Clinton.
February 26 : A bombing at the World Trade Center in New York killed six and wounded a thousand.
February 28 - April 19 : Head of Waco (Texas). Collective suicide of several dozen members of the sect of the extreme right of the "Branch Davidians" during the assault by the FBI, leaving 86 people dead, including women and children.
March 12 : Tension between U.S. and North Korea on the issue of nuclear facilities.
April 4 : First meeting Yeltsin - Clinton in Vancouver , Canada.

April - October : Flooding in the Midwest.
May 19 : Travelgate. Return of agency officials to travel to the White House.
May 20 : Law on the automatic registration on electoral lists .
July 14 : Abandoned by Bill Clinton program IDS.
August : Budget Act reduced the deficit to 500 million over five years.
September 13 : Oslo Accords signed in Washington.
September : National Service Act. Of young Americans can finance their studies by completing a few years of service to the community.
November 17 : the NAFTA between the United States , the Canada and Mexico was ratified by the U.S. Congress .
November 30 : Brady Act on the Control of Firearms .
December 14 : Agreements between the difficult U.S. and the EU under the GATT , in particular on the topic of cultural productions.

Smooth trade with Japan.
Renewal clause MFN for China.
Cessation project "lift and strike" for Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Under Clinton's first term, approximately 9.5 million net new jobs were created, representing a growth rate of 1.9% to an increase of 1.2% of the workforce.
The Walton family , with assets of 23.5 billion (mainly 38% of shares in supermarket chain Wal-Mart Stores), has the second-richest man in the world after that of the Sultan of Brunei.

Oceania and Pacific

Native Title Act , Law on native title, which acknowledges the Australian Aborigines as the first occupants of the Australian outback and invalid for Australia status of terra nullius imposed by the Europeans in the early ^nineteenth century.
Raids by the Papua New Guinea in the Solomon Islands to destroy the supply lines of secessionists in Bougainville , leading to protests from the Solomon Islands government, and clashes between Papuan patrol boats and those of the Solomon Islands.

Asia

January : Visit of Russian President Boris Yeltsin in New Delhi , where he signed a bilateral treaty of friendship with India.
January 4 : intercommunal riots between Hindus and Muslims in India : 300 people are killed in Bombay.
March :
- A series of attacks attributed to Muslim mob killed 300 people in Bombay.
- Abolition of judicial immunity for the hereditary rulers in Malaysia .
- Indonesia : President Suharto was reelected for the sixth consecutive term.
  - Soeharto loosens its grip on the press and opposition parties in the early ninety. Many people appear to achieve greater democracy and a change of leader. Clashes occur between armed forces then and the protestors. Suharto is the only candidate to stand in the presidential election of 1993. Although he has to his credit the strong economic growth of Indonesia and the maintenance of the union of this country of many ethnicities, Suharto is accused of authoritarianism, non-observance of human rights and nepotism.
May 23 , Cambodia : victory of the royalist opposition (near Norodom Sihanouk ) to the general election.
May : Chinese authorities tighten their policy Tibetan by a set of measures that include the suppression of freedom of opinion, strict monitoring of the population, control of religious activities, and installation of Han Chinese settlers of origin. In August, talks were held between Chinese authorities and representatives of the Dalai Lama , but the status quo remains.
June 6 : First direct presidential election in Mongolia. Defeat the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party candidate who was proposed as a hardline ideologue cons him out Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat , thereby supported by the democratic opposition. Political tensions are preventing the government from taking measures against the economic crisis. Serious doubts on the conversion of communists arise when the party rehabilitates Yumjagiyn Tsedenbal the "Brezhnev Mongolia, posthumously and develops a new national ideology based on maintaining a large state sector and the multiplication of obstacles the development of private enterprises.
June 17 , Afghanistan : Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , leader of Hizb-i Islami ( Pashtun and Islamic), becomes prime minister. In September, leaders of the guerrilla factions approve an interim constitution before elections in 1994.
July 2 : In Cambodia , Norodom Ranariddh was named Prime Minister.
July 12 : A tsunami triggered by an earthquake of 7.8 degrees on the Richter scale kills about 200 people on the island of Okushiri, off the western coast of Hokkaido , in Japan.
July 15 : First meeting between Nepali Home Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and his Bhutanese counterpart Dago Tshring on the refugee issue, which concerned both governments.
July 18 : The political crisis in April by the dismissal of Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan , made more acute by the decision of the Supreme Court to reinstate the Sharif government in May, is solved by the resignation of joint two men.
September 24 : Norodom Sihanouk was again crowned King of Cambodia , more than 38 years after his abdication of 2 March 1955.
September 30 , India : Violent earthquake in Maharashtra, killing 7601 people.
October 19 : Benazir Bhutto returns to its prime minister in Pakistan , following his victory in elections on Oct. 6.
December :
- The CIA says that North Korea may have produced at least one nuclear weapon.
- The Kazakhstan ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

With the end of the Cold War , the links are stretched between Vietnam , the former USSR and its satellites. The aid declines considerably. Expatriate workers must return home (82 000 USSR, 59 000 in East Germany, Czechoslovakia 37 000). Vietnam has no choice but to open its neighbors and the West. The United States lifted its veto on loans of the IMF in Vietnam.

Middle East

September 13 : Oslo. Historic handshake of Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin in Washington after lengthy negotiations conducted in secret Oslo ( August 20 ), a bilateral agreement was signed at Washington ( Sept. 13 ) between Rabin , Peres and Arafat , the "Declaration of Principles on interim self-government arrangements. " It provides for Palestinian autonomy in Gaza and Jericho. An interim authority will treat all matters relating to taxes, healthcare, education, terrorism, the police. By step, Israel agrees to transfer to the rest of the autonomous government territory on the western bank of the Jordan populated by Palestinians. Several issues remain unresolved: the status of Jewish settlements in the occupied territories, sovereignty over East Jerusalem, the return of Palestinian refugees or their compensation. The agreement thaws the Middle East: Jordan sign a peace treaty with Israel, the Arab boycott is against Western companies that trade with Israel, diplomatic relations are included with many countries.

January : The Iraq protests against the no-fly zone established in southern Iraq. The United States responded with air strikes.
April : The occupied territories were sealed off by Israel before the outbreak of violence.
March 27 - April 3 : Armenian offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh. Occupation of the western part of Azerbaijan between the Armenia of Nagorno-Karabakh. Displacement of hundreds of thousands of refugees from all Azeris from Armenia .
April 30 : Resolution 822 of the Security Council of the United Nations demanding the withdrawal of Armenia from the occupied territories in Azerbaijan .
June 7 : Elchibey , president of Azerbaijan is removed and replaced temporarily by former Soviet leader Heydar Aliyev , leader of the Communist Party. The removal of Elchibey is accepted by referendum on October 3 and Aliev was elected president with 98.8% of votes in a ballot unchallenged.

July 2 : Death of 37 people in the arson at the hotel Madmak Sivas in Turkey.

25 - July 31 : Operation Justice Made in South Lebanon against the Hezbollah
9 - September 13 : Agreement of Washington on the autonomy of the territories occupied by Israel in Palestine , realizing the secret negotiations held in Oslo from the beginning of the year. Israelis and Palestinians recognize each other (see Oslo Accords ).
- After the Oslo Accords , the attacks of Hamas multiply against Israeli settlers who attack back to the Arab population.
September 16 , Georgia : the Abkhazians violate the cease-fire and expel Georgian militia Sukhumi ( September 27 ), and approximately 200,000 Georgian residents in October .
October 9 : The Georgian government agrees to join the CIS in order to gain the support of the Russian army in Abkhazia crisis .
October 12 : Mubarak is elected President of the Republic of Egypt / A> with 96.28% of votes. Before social unrest, it has hampered economic reforms, privatization and subsidy reduction policies commodity.
December 30 : Mutual recognition of the Vatican and Israel.

Eastern Europe

January ¹ : Split of the federation of Czechoslovakia between Czech Republic and Slovakia.
February 25 : Algirdas Brazauskas , President of the Republic of Lithuania.
April 8 : The Macedonia was admitted to the UN.
May 31 .
2 November : Yeltsin Doctrine of the "near abroad" that allowed the Russian army to intervene abroad.
December 12 : Referendum in Russia , supported the new constitution that increases presidential powers. Triumph of the Communists and their allies landowners (20% of votes) and ultra-nationalists (23%) elections. The reformers are in the minority.
December 24 : The IEC shall establish a headquarters for the State military coordination.
December 28 : Decree on land privatization in Russia.

Western Europe

January ¹ : Entry into force of the single European market.
January : Lower interest rates in the United Kingdom falling to 6%. It relieves the sectors of the economy stifled by deflation in previous years. The monetary stimulus consumption, stimulate investment and lower unemployment falls in June to under two million.
March 14 : Adoption by referendum of the first Constitution of Andorra.
May 18 : Ratification by 56.6% of Danish voters of the Maastricht Treaty amended.
May 19 : Constitution of Lower Saxony.
June 25 : The Belgium joined the Eurocorps.
July 31 : Deaths in Spain Baudouin , King of the Belgians.
November ¹ : Entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union.
October 13 : Government Socialist ( PASOK ) of Andreas Papandreou in Greece (completed in 1996 ).
October , United Kingdom: A Conference of the Conservative Party , John Major launched a campaign to "return to core values" (Back to Basics) running short before a succession of scandals resulting in two years a score of resignations within the Conservative Party or the government.
December 15 : Downing Street Declaration committing British and Irish in a political solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
John Smith calls for reform of the internal workings of the British Labour Party. The method of appointing the leader is changed in a direction more favorable to the members at the expense of unions and the individual vote of the delegates is introduced in the Labor Congress.

Italy

January 15 : Arrest in Sicily of Toto Riina , a leader of the Mafia.
February :
- The empire-Montedison chemical Feruzzi-Enimont collapses. A "Notice of Initiation" is launched against his former boss, Raul Gardini.
- Three ministers implicated in corruption cases are forced to resign.
March 5 : Giuliano Amato called on President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to sign a bill granting amnesty to political and financial crimes. He faces a rejection. A fourth minister to resign.
March 27 : Giulio Andreotti is the subject of a judicial inquiry. Toto Riina and Tommaso Buscetta imply it seriously. His parliamentary immunity was lifted ( May 15 , July 15 ). Following two trials rivers, he shall be sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment and life imprisonment ( April 1999 ).
April 18 : A referendum to adopt majority voting for the Senate to 82.7% of the votes cast.
July 23 : Suicide by Raul Gardini.
April 18 : Municipal elections directly elected mayors for the first time. The country is divided between the Lombard League in the north, center and PDS Alliance DC / Neo-Fascists in the south. The DC from 15% to 8% of the vote. MSI ( Alleanza Nazionale in 1994 ) than in Rome and Naples on 30% behind Alessandra Mussolini.
April 22 : Resignation of the government Giuliano Amato in the wake of a severe economic crisis (devaluation of the lira 3.5%) and a judicial crisis that has only just begun.
May 7 : The President appoints as chairman Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , former governor of the Bank of Italy. Ciampi promises a program of reforms including particularly the adoption of majority voting for elections to the House.
8 - May 10 : Pope's trip to Sicily where he condemns the Mafia.
May 15 : Arrest number two of the Mafia , Benedetto Santapaola.
May - July : Five deadly bombings take place in Florence , Milan and Rome , leaving five dead and twenty injured.
June 2 : The Godfather G. Pulvirenti is stopped.
July 20 : Former president of ENI , Gabriele Cagliari commits suicide in prison. His wife makes more than 6 billion lire of illegal funds.
July 27 : Death of the Christian Democrat Italian, undermined by corruption and conflict trends. She takes the name of PPI ( Italian Popular Party ).
July : Lowering the discount rate by the Bank of Italy to 9% for the first time since 1976.
August 3 : An Act establishing the voting for the legislation. 75% of members are directly elected, 25% by proportional representation.
September : The scandal involves the Ferruzzi Milan judge Curto.
September - October : anti-mafia operation in many areas.
Oct. 16 : Arrest of Ligurian responsible civilian secret service ( SISDE ).
October 23 : Revelations of Donatella di Rosa , involving the commander of the Rapid Action Force, General Monticone, who is suspended.
October : Cancellation of military intelligence ( SISMI ).
November 22 : Resignation of the Chief of Defence Staff Gen. Canino. The government decided to reform the secret services. Arrest of former head of SISDE , Malpicca for embezzlement.
December 17 : During the trial Cusani , the Republican Party ( Giorgio La Malfa ), the PSI (Martelli, Craxi ), the Liberal Party (Altissimo), the Social Democratic Party and the DC are blamed for corruption.
December 19 : Assassination attempt against the Palermo prosecutor Gian Carlo Caselli.
December : Privatization of Credito Italiano and Nuovo Pignone.

11.7% of assets in unemployment. 4.2% inflation. External trade grew 5.4%.
The inclination of the tower of Pisa reached its limit, or 4.47 meters. It now threatens to collapse at any time. Four years of titanic works are undertaken to stabilize it.