This page is for year 1992 of the Gregorian calendar .

• 3 to June 14 : Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro : Summit of "Planet Earth" organized by the UN :
  • Adoption of a declaration on the rights and responsibilities of countries in the field of environment ,
  • Defining the three pillars of sustainable development (environmental, social, economic)
  • Setting the Agenda 21 for local authorities.

• June 16 : Summit George Bush and Boris Yeltsin on reducing nuclear arms.

• June 17 : Boutros Boutros-Ghali , UN Secretary-General , published an " Agenda for Peace " .

Africa

Democratization in Africa: local elections in June Dembidolo , Ethiopia

December 9 : Restore Hope. Canadian troops in Somalia

• January 11 : Cancellation of the second round of legislative elections after the success of the first FIS in Algeria , causing the resignation of President Chadli Bendjedid replaced by Mohamed Boudiaf. The military seized power.

• January 12 : Adoption by referendum of the constitutional Constitution of ^the Third Republic of Mali.
• January 17 : In Algeria , nearly 500 activists of the Islamic Front hello (FIS), including many elected officials, were arrested by security services.

• January 16 : Mobutu suspended the National Conference (reopened on April 16 ). Debut clashes between Mobutu and the opposition in Zaire.
• January 22 : Mutiny of the Voice of Zaire .

• February 9 : The state of emergency was declared for 12 months in Algeria. He opens a long period of civil war where thousands of Algerians die and foreigners.
• February 22 : Visit of Pope John Paul II to Goree ( Senegal ). He described as "unknown Holocaust" slavery of Africans .
• February 25 : Promulgation of decree by the new Constitution of Mali , establishing ^the Third Republic.

• March 4 : Dissolving hello Islamic Front (FIS).
• March 13 : Constitution adopting a multiparty system in Burundi
• March 31 : Adoption by the Security Council of the United Nations of Resolution 748 : the beginning of the embargo against Libya , accused of organizing the Lockerbie bombing in 1989 and the attack against a plane of UTA in Niger the same year.
• March 15 : Referendum for new constitution in Congo . The multiparty system is adopted.
• March 17 : Success of the referendum on black participation in politics in South Africa. Frederik de Klerk obtained the abolition of apartheid after a referendum for whites. The homelands are invited to return to South Africa ( 1994 ).
• March 9 : establishing a multiparty constitution in Burundi .
• April 3 : Multiparty system in Guinea .
• April 11 : Signed in Bamako, the "National Pact" sanctioning the conflict in northern Mali.
• April 12 - April 26 : Presidential elections in Mali. Alpha Oumar Konare became the first President of ^the Third Republic. Inauguration on June 8.
• April 29 : Military coup in Sierra Leone against President Joseph Momoh. Valentine Strasser seized power.

• May 7 :
  • Signed in Bamako, the "Social Pact for the improvement of living conditions of workers between the Malian government and the National Union of Workers of Mali (UNTM).
  • Law establishing a multiparty system in Tanzania .
• May 18 : Fourth Republic in Ghana. Pluralist democracy.
• June 5 : End of the period of democratic transition in Mali led by Amadou Toumani Toure.
• June 29 : The Algerian President Mohamed Boudiaf is assassinated during his speech at Annaba (Bone).
• August 1 : "great national debate" in Central Africa : adoption of a multi .

• August 10 : Third Republic in Madagascar. Introduction of multiparty politics.
• August 17 : The SADCC , taking account of political developments in Pretoria , is transformed into the Development Community (SADC).
• August 31 : Lissouba , president of Congo.
• September 4 : Multiparty to Djibouti .
• 29 - September 30 : Defeat of the UNITA parliamentary elections in Angola. The MPLA obtained 53.74% of the votes .
• October 4 : Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Mozambique , signed in Rome.
• October 11 : Elections pluralistic Cameroon. Paul Biya was re-elected President of the Republic.
• October 21 - November 2 : Resumption of civil war in Angola (1992 - 2002 ).
• December 9 : Start of humanitarian intervention (" Restore Hope ") in Somalia (United States, France ...).

America

• January ¹ : Launched by the Andean Community of Nations Andean zone of free trade, later supplemented by a common external tariff.
• April 5 : Coup d'etat of President Fujimori in Peru , which is excluded from the Andean Community of Nations until 1997.
• May , Brazil : The president's brother accuses of corruption Paulo Cesar Farias and President Collor.

• August 24 : Killing of Concordia University. Valery Fabrikant kills four colleagues of the Concordia University in Montreal in Quebec.

• September 29 , Brazil : the impeachment of President Fernando Collor de Mello , who was accused of financial corruption. The Vice-President Itamar Franco assumed the presidency of the Republic. It will be paid in 1994 for lack of evidence.

• Oct. 7 : North American Free Trade Agreement ( North American Free Trade Agreement , or NAFTA) signed between Mexico , the United States and Canada. The Mexican parliament ratifies the agreement in 1993 and the Treaty takes effect on ¹ January 1994 , creating the largest area of free trade in the world.
• November 13 : Failure of a coup by General Salinas cons Fujimori in Peru.

• Plan for political union of Windward Islands ( Dominica , Grenada , St. Lucia , St. Vincent ), not ratified.
• Brazil: Inflation reaches 1150% in 1992 and is accompanied by a collapse in industrial production. Erosion of wages, unemployment, impoverishment. The external situation improves (trade balance, foreign capital inflows). An agreement signed with the IMF in July resulted in an overall reduction of 15% of external debt and requires adoption of a strict stabilization program.

United States

• April 29 - May ¹ : Los Angeles Riots , making 50 dead and hundreds injured, following the case of Rodney King (acquittal of four white policemen accused of beating a black motorist).
• June 16 : START II Treaty. Agreement between Boris Yeltsin and George Bush to reduce the number of intercontinental missiles ( ICBMs ) that exert the United States.
• November 3 : Election of William ("Bill") Jefferson Clinton (Democrat) as president of the United States with 43% of the vote over George Bush (38%) and Ross Perot (19%), with 45% abstained. The Democrats retain a majority in the Senate and House of Representatives.

• Commemorate the five hundredth anniversary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus. The Indians, joined by other Americans, organize national demonstrations of protest.
• Extending the duration of unemployment insurance.
• Hardening opposition on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy (abortion).
• Signs of economic recovery.
• 1% richest own 42% of national wealth (22% in 1979 ).
• 2% reduction in military spending, which rose from 281 billion to 275 billion.

Oceania and Pacific

• April 8 : Suspension of French nuclear testing in the Pacific.
• June 2 : Sitiveni Rabuka was elected Prime Minister of Fiji , but his government must resign in November 1993 , his budget proposal was refused. It will however be re-elected in February 1994.
• June 3 : Mabo Judgement. The High Court of Australia gives reason to Meriam claiming possession of the Murray Island, annexed by the colony of Queensland in 1879.
• October : Resumption of fighting with separatists in Bougainville for returning troops government in the island.
• December 10 : Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating delivered his famous Redfern speech.

Asia

• 27 - January 29 : In Singapore , The ASEAN launched the project of a free-trade agreement with a timetable for reducing tariffs among its members. Creation of a Permanent Secretariat (APEC Economic Cooperation Asia-Pacific ) in Singapore. An annual summit of Heads of States adhering to APEC is established from 1993.
• January - October , China : Conservatives trying to take advantage of the crackdown to curb reforms, but Deng Xiaoping enjoys a trip across China earlier this year indicate that the course on economic n ' has not changed, the ^14th Congress of the party in October, confirmed that the objective is to build a "socialist market economic system." After 1992, Deng Xiaoping, old and sick, little to no longer involved in running the country but still the most respected figure.

• February 28 , Cambodia : The UN is beginning to register voters ahead of elections in May 1993. Clashes between government supporters Norodom Sihanouk and the Khmer Rouge threatened several times to stop the peace process. Finally, the Khmer Rouge refused to participate in the poll.

• March 22 : Elections in Thailand. The victory of pro-military parties rise to Bangkok a wave of student demonstrations and the middle class demanding the implementation of democratic reforms. These protests were violently suppressed by the army, but the King intervened to impose a government more respectful of democracy.
• April 9 : The North Korea sign an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to permit inspections of its nuclear facilities. Probably holding nuclear weapons, North Korea refuses to visit suspected sites of IAEA inspectors and threatening to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that it had ratified in 1985.
• April 15 : Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam , which confirms the country's evolution towards a market economy.
• April 23 , Burma : Sick, Saw Maung was replaced as head of the SLORC by General Than Shwe.
• May 24 : The Thai leader Suchinda Kraprayoon was forced to resign. End of military rule.
• June 7 , Tibet : The ^14thDalai Lama officially recognizes Urgyen Trinley Dorje as the ^17th Karmapa. On June 27 the Chinese authorities recognize it too. Urgyen Trinley Dorje was enthroned at the monastery of Tsurphu on September 27.
• June 30 , Philippines : The communist insurgencies and infighting within the military push Cory Aquino to seek a compromise with the right, causing the departure of many of his Liberal government. Cory Aquino , having escaped several coups, must resign after the failure of its economic policy and agrarian. Fidel Ramos succeeded him as president.
• September 23 : The elections in Thailand lead to the formation of a new coalition government of pro-democracy party led by a veteran politician, Chuan Leekpai , leader of the Democratic Party.

• 23 - Oct. 28 : The Emperor of Japan Akihito to visit China for the first time in history.
• November 24 : The U.S. forces withdrew from the Philippines after the Philippine Senate decision not to renew the leases of U.S. military bases.
• November 25 : After the death of Kaysone Phomvihane , Nouhak Phoumsavanh came to power in Laos.
• December 6 , India : Hindu Extremists undertake the destruction of the mosque in Ayodhya , resulting in violent clashes throughout the country, killing over 1,200 people. The next day, anti-Indian riots take place in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• December 18 : National Elections in South Korea . Change of majority, the president Roh Tae-woo resigned in favor of Kim Young-sam.

• The Russia withdrew its last major ship-based Cam Ranh in Viet Nam and repatriate all its advisers (base finally returned in May 2002).
• By the end of the year, Washington allows U.S. companies to open offices in Vietnam.
• China has 1.27 billion people. The country has become since the death of Mao Zedong great economic and military power. But the effort of budgetary support for SOEs, heavily loss-making becomes unbearable. Their bankruptcy would mean unemployment for millions of workers benefiting also from a poor social protection. The poor health of SOEs reflects on the banks groaning under bad debts. Corruption weakens the system. The communist central government, however, managed to retain control of the situation, because a majority of Chinese fears that the country plunges into chaos.

Central Asia and Caucasus

• January 6 : Zviad Gamsakhurdia , the president of Georgia , accused of corruption, violation of human rights and abuse of power is ousted. Gamsakhurdia and his supporters mounted several operations to try to regain Tbilisi by force, and in October 1993, threatens Kutaisi / A>. The revolt ends after death, apparently by suicide, Gamsakhurdia in late 1993.
• January 13 .
• May : Start of civil war in Tajikistan (completed July 1997 ) . Supplied with weapons from the Afghanistan , Democrats Islamists took control of the capital. Aided by the Russian and Uzbek forces, the pro-communist city and then resume control of the country, restore the government and launch a campaign to eliminate the opposition, banning the Islamic Renaissance Party, where Lali Badakhshan, who claimed greater autonomy for the region of Gorno-Badakhshan (1993), and limiting the freedom of the press. To control the Muslim religious authorities, the government established a separation of state powers and the clergy.

• June 16 : Abulfaz Elibay , head of the Azerbaijani Popular Front (APF), is elected President of Azerbaijan universal suffrage with 55% of the vote (ending September ^1, 1993 ).
• June 28
  • Afghanistan : Rival factions accept the establishment of an interim council to govern the Afghanistan , as with President Burhanuddin Rabbani 's Pamyat-i Islami (Tajiks and moderate Muslims).
  • The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won the reconstituted parliamentary elections in Mongolia . The Great Hural is abolished and a new Great Hural is the unicameral legislative body of the country.
• July 23 : The Abkhaz Supreme Soviet declared the independence of Abkhazia.
• August : The Georgian authorities sent troops into Abkhazia under the guise of protecting supply routes and to continue supporting Gamsakhurdia forces. Heavy fighting took place, the Abkhaz receiving the support of the Caucasian peoples of Russia. Georgian forces lost significant ground until a cease-fire was declared in July 1993.
• September 7 : Resignation of President of Tajikistan Rahmon Nabiev.
• ¹ - October 6 : Victory separatist Abkhaz to battle Gagra in Georgia.
• October 11 : Eduard Shevardnadze was elected Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia.
• November 20 : Emomali Rahmonov (now called Emomalii Rahmon ), President of Tajikistan.

• The last troops of the former Soviet Union (about 65 000 soldiers) left Mongolia at the end of the year.

Middle East

• January 6 : The Security Council UN condemns Israeli policy towards the Palestinian population (deportation) . Individual attacks hit Israeli settlers in January.
• May 13 , Lebanon : Government Omar Karami resigns following protests triggered by the monetary crisis.
• May 16 : Rashid al-Suhl was appointed Prime Minister of Lebanon.
• May 19 : Elections are held in the Kurdish autonomous region in Iraq.
• June 8 : The Egyptian writer Farag Foda was assassinated in a bombing perprtr by the Islamist group Al-Jama'at al-Islamiyya. His work on Islam and the Koran had angered the religious leaders.
• June 23 : Victory of the Labour Party in elections in Israel .
• July 13 : Yitzhak Rabin , a soldier in a prestigious past, prime minister in Israel. It takes steps to unblock the situation, and strives to achieve peace without security is harmed. With his Foreign Minister Shimon Peres , he took first contact with Yasser Arafat , leader of the PLO has become vulnerable since the Arab monarchies deny him any financial assistance because of its support for Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War.
• July 21 : Bomb attack in Cairo. Start of a bombing campaign against Islamist groups of tourists in Egypt.
• July 25 , South Lebanon : Israeli warplanes attack replica Shiites (13 Israeli deaths since the beginning of the year) by bombing several sites, including civilians. The Hezbollah responds by bombing the Galilee. Rabin then launched Operation "settling of accounts" which causes the flight to the north of Lebanon 300 000. On July 31 , following U.S. intervention, a cease-fire is achieved.
• August 26 : Resolution 773 . A committee of the UN establishes a demarcation of the border of Kuwait with Iraq , which deprives it of any sea access. Baghdad protest.
• August 27 : A new no-fly zone is created in southern Iraq to protect Shiite populations .
• September 6 : Rashid al-Suhl holding the first parliamentary elections in Lebanon since 1972. They are boycotted in Christian areas, but the Hezbollah and Amal enter Parliament.
• October : The impasse in Washington revival of violence led by Islamist movements. The homes of suspects of terrorist attacks destroyed the missile anti-tank by the Israelis.
• November 12 : The government Rafiq Hariri is invested in Lebanon.
• December 17 : Government Rabin deported outside the occupied territories more than 400 Palestinians accused of being Islamic militants . They are sent to Lebanon , which refuses to accept them and find themselves in a no man's land between the areas of both armies. The Israeli action was condemned by the Security Council.

• The Iraq embarks on an extensive program of rebuilding the country's infrastructure. Saddam Hussein 's lavish spending multiplies, as the construction of presidential palaces. A new network of canals was dug in the south. The political opposition is non-existent (murder of Shia religious leaders to escape abroad) and the blockade enhances the system by placing people in a state of dependency and malnutrition.
• Lebanon : the government seeks to dismantle drug crops. The economy is at its lowest. The national currency continues to lose value while the property remains to be done rebuilding. In May, the Lebanese pound collapses (one dollar for 2000 pounds).

Western Europe

October 4 : air disaster in the Netherlands.

• January 13 : Re-election of Mario Soares as President of the Republic in Portugal.
• February 7 : Signature of the Treaty of Maastricht also called Treaty of the European Union. It shall enter into force on ¹ November 1993 , the European Union (EU) to replace the then EEC and applies to the twelve original Member States, namely Germany , the Belgium , the Danish , the Spain , the France , of Greece , the Irish , the Italian , the Luxembourg , the Netherlands , the Portuguese and the United Kingdom , it also provides the economic and monetary union. The UK refuses to accept the social clause.
  • See also: Ratification process of the Maastricht Treaty and decisions of the Constitutional Council.
• March 17 : British troops finally left Gibraltar.
• April 9 : Fourth electoral victory of the Conservative Party in UK.
• April 12 : Opening of the park Euro Disney in Marne-la-Vallee.
• May 21 :
  • Created by Franois Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl of Eurocorps (35 000 to 45 000 men).
  • Twelve of the agreement on the common agricultural policy.
  • Development of the Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and the species of wildlife (biology) and flora savages, called Fauna Flora Habitat Directive.
• May 27 : Constitution of the Republic of Saxony.
• June 2 : Referendum in Denmark : despite a favorable vote in Parliament, 50.7% of Danes reject the Maastricht Treaty.
• June 19 : Parliament Swiss passed a federal law on "Data Protection".
• July 9 : Summit of the CSCE (52 countries) in Helsinki.
• July 18 : Neil Kinnock was replaced by John Smith at the helm of Labor in the United Kingdom.
• July 23 : The Parliament of the United Kingdom ratified the Maastricht agreements.
• September 16 : European monetary crisis . The reading , the peseta and the escudo were devalued. The franc resists with the help of Germany. The Pound has to leave the EMS facing the onslaught of speculators.
• September 20 : Referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in France. Narrow victory of the YES (51.05% of voters).
• September 25 : Opening of the channel Main - Danube in Germany.
• September 28 : Early issues of Arte television channel, Franco-German public-service oriented European cultural, as part of a European Economic Interest Grouping. Jerome Clement is the first president.
• October 4 : A cargo plane of the airline El Al crashed on the outskirts of Amsterdam , which killed 43.
• October 7 : At Zaragoza ( Spain ), AC Jos Ral Hernndez Gracia said " El Tato " Matador Spanish.
• December 6 : Following a referendum, the Swiss refused to ratify the EEA.

• Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom went to visit the European Parliament in Strasbourg.
• Over 10% unemployment in the United Kingdom between 1992 and 1994.

Italy

• January : Visit of Chinese Premier Li Peng.
• January 29 : Conversion of large state holding companies (IRI, ENI, ENEL, INA) into limited companies under the supervision of the Treasury (Law ^No. 35) .
• February 2 : Dissolution of the House by the President Cossiga.
• February 17 : Start of Operation Mani Pulite (Clean Hands). Two magistrates in Milan, Antonio Di Pietro and Gherardo Colombo , during an investigation into a corruption scandal in public procurement, uncovers a member of PSI , Mario Chiesa while receiving a bribe from a contractor bribes. Chiesa acknowledges that these practices are widespread in all political parties. The sums are enormous and diverted the investigation of the Milan judges, relayed by the press, causing a veritable tidal wave judiciary and beheads the political class. On 2 April 1993 , 1,116 judicial information for 2500 people is underway. 152 parliamentarians are involved, and 1356 arrests.
• April 23 : Recent elections governed by the proportional electoral law adopted by the Republic to the fall of fascism. This system allowed the dualism DC - PCI and no alternative. CD dominated political life since 1948. The election result is a veritable political earthquake (terremoto). The CD falls below 30% for the first time and the PDS (PCI since 1991) gets only 16.5% of the votes while his left wing, Rifondazione Comunista , gets 5.8%. PSI regresses (13.9%) as MSI (5.5%). The Lombard League (Lega Nord), created recently by Umberto Bossi with a populist and federalist, gets 8.7%. This upheaval gives birth to a democracy based on the alternation of coalitions.
• May 23 : Murder by the Mafia ( Cosa Nostra ) anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone , in the province of Palermo
• May 25 : Oscar Luigi Scalfaro , President of the Republic.
• June 28 : The Socialist Giuliano Amato , close to Craxi , form a coalition government while the situation is particularly difficult: the play has been devalued by 30%, public debt is enormous, Operation Manu Pulite decapitates the political class. The Amato government succeeds in September to impose a saving of 93 000 billion (46 billion euros), the privatization of large enterprises with state and reaches agreement with unions on wage moderation.
• July 19 : Murder by the Mafia ( Cosa Nostra ) anti-Mafia judge Paolo Borsellino , collaborator and friend of Giovanni Falcone.
• July 21 : Following the assassination of Palermo , the public expresses its outrage and Italian leaders, forced to act, put the Sicily under siege.
• July 31 : Removing the sliding scale wage freeze for the year .
• September 17 : Devaluation of the reading of 3.5% while other currencies in the EMS are revalued by 3.5%.
• October 22 : A repentant Tommaso Buscetta , highlights the links between the mafia and political power, arguing that Salvo Lima , MEP and former DC mayor of Palermo who was assassinated on March 12 , was the intermediary between the Mafia and Giulio Andreotti.
• December 23 : Links between the Mafia and anti-mafia officials have reported.
• December : The play left the EMS.

• 12% of employees work in the primary sector, 32% in secondary schools, 56% in services. According to the Ministry of Labor, 1.5 million workers are not reported. One million workers have a dual activity.

France

Switzerland

Eastern Europe

April 5 : Beginning of the siege of Sarajevo

April 6 : War in Bosnia-Herzegovina

• January 3 , Croatia War : Cease-fire between Croatia and Serbia . Croatia loses over a third of its territory. Dubrovnik is destroyed.
• January 15 : The EEC recognized the independence of Slovenia and Croatia.
• January 30 : Tiit Vhi Prime Minister in Estonia.

• February 29 : Referendum on the independence of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• February : In Lithuania , the popularity of the coalition Sjdis crumbles due to internal political battles, a severe economic crisis caused by the disruption of trade ties with former Soviet republics and poor relations with neighboring countries. The Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (PTDL, former Lithuanian Communist Party) won most seats in the Seimas in February.
• March ¹ : Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina following a referendum in which the Serbs (one third of the population) boycotted the polls. War moves on its territory.
• March 22 : Opposition wins first free elections in Albania. Albanian Socialist Party's defeat in the parliamentary elections. The "democrats" are the majority in Parliament.
• April 2 : Sali Berisha became president in Albania instead of Ramiz Alia , a program of market economy and privatization. The communist system and reversed, but the Socialists were resurfaced in local elections, while the country plunges into crisis and that the Democrats tear.
• April 6 :
  • Beginning of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (until August 1995 ). The Serbs of Bosnia-Herzegovina and army-backed "Yugoslav" of Milosevic conquered 70% of Bosnia-Herzegovina in a few months and form a republic that intends to secede and be attached to Serbia. UN condemns Yugoslavia as the aggressor in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • The EC recognizes the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina .
• April 27th : The Serbia and Montenegro together to form the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
• May 22 : Admission of Croatia , in Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the UN.
• May 30 :
  • The Bosnia-Herzegovina joined the UN.
  • The UN vote a trade embargo against the Yugoslavia that quickly reveals porous. Old solidarities paralyze the action of the international community shows its divisions.
• August 2 : Revelation on the establishment of concentration camps by Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina beginning of " ethnic cleansing ".
• September 22 : The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) is excluded from the UN General Assembly. The UN does not recognize the new republic of Yugoslavia as a successor, leaving him the opportunity to stand on its own behalf. The Prime Minister, Milan Pani seems determined to follow this route (October), but his political opponents took the opportunity to eliminate it.
• October 25 , Lithuania : The TDP leader, Algirdas Brazauskas , was elected chairman of the Seimas of the Republic and President ad interim.
• November 4 : Ion Iliescu was re-elected president of Romania , appoints a new government headed by Nicolae Vcroiu and dominated by the National Democratic Front of hello (FDSN), one of the two parties from splitting the National Front hello.
• December 31 : Dissolution of Czechoslovakia , which was replaced the next day by the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

• Clashes in the former Yugoslavia. Approximately 100,000 refugees fleeing the country for Hungary , whose government relies on Western aid.
• Withdrawal of Soviet garrisons in Poland (1992 - 1993 ).

• In Czechoslovakia , the privatization campaign by distributing free coupons to take off thanks to the massive publicity orchestrated by investment funds associated with banks and other financial institutions. These funds sell their shares cons of coupons they use to buy shares of state enterprises transformed into joint stock companies, and they promise to buy back their own shares at prices at least ten times the amount originally paid by the public is which explains its popularity (82% of adult Czechs hold coupons). During the first wave, 42% of assets were privatized in this way, while the State retains a significant portion of its capital. Some SOEs are under the control of foreign capital ( Skoda for example, bought by Volkswagen ). But the majority depend on a group of investment funds, some controlled by individuals, most of the five major Czech banks, themselves controlled in part by the public body responsible for privatization. The result is a pyramid scheme fragile and unstable, as investment funds, which should pay dividends, mitigate their portfolios by selling shares. A new privatization, "silent" can begin, to restructure the economy to make it more efficient.

IRC

• January ¹ : Launch the program of radical economic reforms of Yegor Gaidar in Russia. The Conservatives, grouped around the President of Parliament, an offshoot of the Congress of People's Deputies (CDP), Ruslan Khasbulatov , seeking to counter Yeltsin.
• January 31 : Russia replaces the USSR as a permanent member of the Security Council of UN.
• March 2 :
  • Admission of Armenia , the Moldova , The Azerbaijan , the Kazakhstan , the Kyrgyzstan , the Uzbek , the Tajikistan , and Turkmenistan in the UN.
  • President of Moldova Mircea Snegur authorizes military action against rebels Transnistria. These, aided by troops of Cossacks and the Russian Fourteenth Army General Lebed , consolidating their hold over the disputed region. The Moldovan government repeatedly asked the UN to intervene, without success. Lebed obtained a cease-fire in August and the CIS troops interposed.
• March 27 : The CIS creates in St. Petersburg an interparliamentary assembly.
• March 31 : Treaty consolidate the Russian Federation. It is not signed by Tatarstan and Chechnya. Muslim Chechens in the Caucasus, oil-rich choose independence.
• May 5 : A secessionist movement led by the Russians went into Crimea. Crimea proclaimed its independence, which finally repealed. The same month, the Russian legislature declared null and void the transfer of 1954 which linked the Crimea to Ukraine. In fact, since 1991, Ukraine and Russia each claimed control of the Black Sea fleet, based in the port of Sevastopol.
• June 15 : Yegor Gaidar , Prime Minister of Russia.
• June 23 : Russian-Ukrainian agreement on sharing the command of the fleet of the Black Sea until 1995 , when it will be divided between the two countries.
• October 9 : The agreement of Bishkek (Kirhizie) maintains an area ruble between Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Armenia.
• October 13 : Leonid Kuchma became Prime Minister of Ukraine / A>. It sets up a series of economic reforms which coincide with the beginning of the economic crisis and hyperinflation.
• December 14 : Parliament refuses to confirm his position Yegor Gaidar , architect of the main government reform plans, "Prime Minister in office" since June, and refers in its place the "pragmatic" Viktor Chernomyrdin , a longstanding member of the Communist Party Soviet Union (CPSU), appearing as an advocate less radical economic policy.
• December : The Russian Constitutional Court returns to the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR before its self-dissolution in August 1991 to suspend the activities of the CPSU, restoring the party a formal opportunity to regain a new hearing. Russia is in a real political stalemate between a government team embarked on the path of necessary reforms and a legislative body constantly referring to the 1977 Constitution was put in place during the Brezhnev era and become completely inadequate. Conservatives and reformists come to an agreement on holding a referendum in April 1993, strongly desired by Boris Yeltsin.

• Inflation spiraling (often over 1000% price increase per year between 1992 and 1994 ). Governments no longer control the money supply. In Russia , after referring Gaidar , Boris Yeltsin 's policy is swinging. Strict control of money supply risk to bankrupt many businesses unprofitable and insolvent and thrown into the street millions of unemployed. Fear of chaos, the government prefers to let the firms operate them various forms of barter or receive bank loans constantly renewed. The state itself maintains the inflationary mechanism by its large fiscal deficit: spending might be reduced (military, education, health), the cancellations of appropriations do not outweigh the bad receipts taxes (no tax reform is adopted). The Russian state can not afford to implement a policy of growth and development.

Thematic Chronologies

Arts and Culture

Nobel Prize

• Nobel Prize in Physics : Georges Charpak.
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry : Rudolph A. Marcus.
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine : Edwin G. Krebs.
• Nobel Prize for Literature : Derek Walcott.
• Nobel Peace Prize : Rigoberta Menchu Tum.

Births in 1992

• January 19 : Logan Lerman , American actor.
• February 11 : Taylor Lautner , American actor.
• February 14 : Freddie Highmore , British actor.
• March 10 : Emily Osment , American actress.
• March 13 : Kaya Scodelario , British actress.
• June 9 : Yannick Agnel swimmer French.
• June 26 : Jennette McCurdy , American actress and singer.
• July 8 : Norman Nato , French race car driver.
• July 22 : Selena Gomez , actress and singer.
• August 4 :
  • Dylan Sprouse , American actor;
  • Cole Sprouse , American actor.
• Aug. 20 : Demi Lovato , actress, dancer, singer.
• August 25 : Angelica Mandy , British actress.
• September 16 : Nick Jonas , actor, singer, guitarist, pianist and American drummer;
• October 12 : Josh Hutcherson , American actor.
• October 22 : Sofia Vassilieva , American actress.
• November 23 : Miley Cyrus , actress and singer.
• December 18 : Bridgit Mendler , actress, singer.

Deaths in 1992

• January ¹ : Ginette Leclerc (Genevieve Menut), French actress.
• January 3 : Dame Judith Anderson , actress America.

• March 14 : Jean Poiret , actor, director and writer French ( 17 August 1926 ).
• March 20 : Georges Delerue , composer and music director of films.
• March 23 : Friedrich Hayek , economist of the Austrian School.

• April 6 : Isaac Asimov , American writer (b. 1920 ).
• April 19 :
  • Benny Hill , English comedian (b. 21 January 1924 ).
  • Frankie Howerd , British actor (b. 6 March 1917 ).
• April 23 : Satyajit Ray , Indian filmmaker.
• April 27 : Olivier Messiaen , composer.
• April 28 : Francis Bacon , British painter (b. 28 October 1909 ).

• May 6 : Marlene Dietrich , actress.
• May 12 :
  • Jacqueline Maillan , French actress.
  • Wanda Rutkiewicz , mountaineer Polish (b. 2 February 1943 ).
• May 22 : Zellig Harris , linguist American.
• May 23 : Giovanni Falcone , judge Italian , murdered.
• June 28 : Mikhail Tal , player of chess Russian.
• June 29 :
  • Pierre Billotte , French soldier and politician (b. 1906 ).
  • Boudiaf , President of the Republic of Algeria , assassinated.

• July 23 : Arletty , French actress (b. 15 May 1898 ).

• August 2 : Michael Berger , French singer.
• August 4 : Frantisek Tomasek , Czech cardinal, archbishop of Prague (b. 30 June 1899 ).
• Aug. 12 : John Cage , American composer.

• September 27 : Jacques-Paul Martin , the French cardinal Roman Curia (b. 26 August 1908 ).

• Oct. 21 : Jim Garrison , District Attorney of New Orleans.

• November 5 : Jan Oort , Dutch astronomer.
• November 7 : Alexander Dubcek , politician Czechoslovakia (b. 1921 ).
• November 13 : Maurice Ohana , composer French (b. 12 June 1913 ).
• November 24 :
  • Henriette Puig-Roget , composer , pianist and organist French (b. 9 January 1910 ).
  • George Adams , saxophonist in jazz American (b. 29 April 1940 ).
• November 30 : Lawrence T. Picachy , Cardinal Indian Jesuit and Archbishop of Calcutta (b. 7 August 1916 ).

• December 12 : Suzanne Lilar writer Belgian (b. 1901 ).
• December 21 :
  • David Hare , American Surrealist painter and sculptor (b. 10 March 1917 ).
  • Albert King , blues.
  • Nathan Milstein , American violinist.
• December 24 : Peyo , designer and writer of comic Belgian.

References

• Portal of the contemporary world
• Portal 1990

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