This page is for year 1991 of the Gregorian calendar .

Events

• July 30 : Soviet American Summit, described as "the first summit of the post Cold War "in Moscow.
• July 31 : Signed in Moscow of a Start (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) between the Soviet Union and the United States , providing a 30% reduction in strategic nuclear arms, that is to say more than 5 500 km range but their numbers will grow from 12 081-10 395 for the United States and 10 841-8 040 for the Soviet Union.
• September 17 : The UN goes to 186 members with the admission of both Koreas , the three Baltic States , the Micronesia and Marshall .
• January 27 : Fall of the Somali government of General Siad Barre , defeated by the United Somali Congress (USC) and replaced by the rebel leader Ali Mahdi Muhammad.

• February 25 - June 10 : National Conference in Congo .
• March : President Momoh was in favor of multiparty politics in Sierra Leone
• March 23 : Civil War in Sierra Leone (ending 18 January 2002 ).
• March 24 : Nicephore Soglo wins the presidential election in Benin face Kerekou.
• March 26 :
  • Riots in Bamako. In Mali , a military coup led by Amadou Toumani Toure ends 23-year dictatorship of Moussa Traore.
  • New constitution in Gabon .
• April 12 : Multiparty in Togo .
• April 22 : Multiparty system in Central .

• March 29 : Amadou Toumani Toure sets in Mali a regime of "democratic transition" and took the chair of the "Transition Committee for the Hi of the People (CTSP), rehabilitate the historic figures of modern Mali." Alpha Oumar Konare will be democratically elected president in 1992. Cease-fire between the Malian government and rebel Tuareg.
• April - May : Political unrest in Cameroon.
• May 8 : Multiparty system in Guinea-Bissau .
• May 18 , Civil war in Somalia. Former Somaliland unilaterally declared its independence. Feud (1991 - 1996 ).
• May 21 , Ethiopia : Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam relinquishes power after the victory of the Eritrean and Tigrayan rebel against the regular army.
• May 28 : Meles Zenawi , the Revolutionary Democratic Front of the Ethiopian people is democratically elected president in Ethiopia.
• May 31 :
  • Constitution adopting multiparty in Rwanda
  • Angolan civil war : Signature of a peace agreement between the President of the Republic of Angola , Jos Eduardo dos Santos and the leader of UNITA , Jonas Savimbi.

• June 2 :
  • Abolition of the laws of apartheid in South Africa.
  • Democratic constitution in Burkina Faso.
• 3 - June 5 : Conference of Abuja : members of the OAU to discuss the creation of a proposed African Economic Community to be developed in six phases by 2025 .
• June 16 : For the first year, the Day of the African Child is celebrated in commemoration of the Soweto massacre.
• June : Provisional Government of the EPLF in Eritrea.

• July 8 - August 28 : National Conference in Togo.
• July 9 : After 30 years of suspension, South Africa rejoined the Olympic movement.
• July 12 : Constitution establishing a multiparty system in Mauritania .
• July 29 :
  • Opening at Bamako ( Mali ) from "National Conference" chaired by Amadou Toumani Toure , who, in a fortnight, will adopt a draft constitution, an electoral code, a charter of political parties, and a text on the state of Nation!
  • National Conference in Niger.

• August 7 : National Conference in Zaire (end 1992).
• August : Forum for the Restoration of Democracy in Kenya.
• 23 - September 24 : Violent unrest in Zaire. Pillage in Kinshasa and in major urban centers .
• October 24 : Creation of the Goldstone Commission in South Africa to investigate the violence to sabotage the negotiations on the dismantling of apartheid.

• October 30 : Tripartite Conference on legislative elections Cameroon.

• November ¹ : The opponent Frederick Chiluba became president of Zambia after his victory in the presidential election over President Kenneth Kaunda.
• 19 - Nov. 21 : In Paris , the ^4thsummit of the Francophonie invites African States to continue the process of "democratization."

• December 3 : Multiparty the Seychelles .
• December 10 : Introduction of multiparty politics in Kenya .
• December 12 : Abuja became the federal capital of Nigeria , located in a federal territory of 7315 square kilometers in the center of the country to balance the ethnic and religious powers.
• December 18 : Massacre of Arhiba. Beginning of the revolt Afar in Djibouti.
• December 26 : Successful hello Islamic Front (FIS) in the first round of legislative elections in Algeria.

America

• January 14 : Jorge Antonio Serrano Elas , President of Guatemala (concluded in 1993 )
• February 7 : First Presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti (ending September 29 ).
• March 26 : Treaty of Asuncin between Brazil , the Argentina , the Paraguay and Uruguay. Foundation of the Mercosur common market, the "Southern Cone" of America.
• April ¹ , Argentina : Convertibility Law of Carlos Menem , which secures the parity of the currency than the dollar , on the basis of a Southern per dollar, removing all exchange controls .
  • Map of Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo in Argentina against inflation: considerable lowering of tariffs, massive privatization, tax reform to increase revenue and reduce expenditures, full convertibility of the austral dollar fixed rate (in 1992, the new peso is worth a dollar), prohibiting the central bank to finance budget deficits by money creation, end of wage indexation and financial contracts. With the Cavallo plan, inflation fall from 800% per annum in 1990 to less than 5% in 1995-a rate still too high for a peso pegged to the dollar, resulting in a deterioration of the balance of current accounts, an increase unemployment, slower growth is very noticeable from 1995. The following year, Menem returns Cavallo.
  • More than 100 000 civil servants lose their jobs in Argentina (1991-1992), reducing the state payroll by 10% and 200 000 teachers were transferred by the provinces.
• May 10 , Brazil : The second "Collor Plan" shall entail the resignation of Minister of Economy, Zelia Cardoso de Mello , and much of his team. Collor, facing the business community and Paulista, appoint an orthodox banker, Marcilio Marques , as Minister of Economy, which manages to negotiate the foreign debt but does not come to grips with the "stagflation".
• May 21 , USA : The House of Representatives calls for U.S. troops in Europe be reduced from 250 000 to 100 000 men in 1995.
• June 15 : Foundation of the Bloc Quebecois.
• June 19 : Pablo Escobar , the leader of the Medellin cartel 41 years old, considered one of the greatest criminals of the ^twentieth century , surrenders to Colombian authorities and received the assurance that they will never be extradited to the U.S. USA. Involved in the assassination of three presidential candidates, a minister of justice, a prosecutor in the nation, and more than 200 police officers, he will have a maximum security prison in the comfort that himself has chosen.
• August 27 : Tornado Muskie , Quebec , Canada (see Tornado Muskie of August 27, 1991 ).
• September 11 : Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Cuba.
• September 25 : Bill of New York. Start of negotiations to end the civil war in El Salvador (1991-1992). She was 80 000 dead in twelve years.
• September 29 : In Haiti , following a coup military president Jean-Bertrand Aristide was tabled.
• December 13 : Protocol of Tegucigalpa . Renewal of the MCCA , Common Market Central American countries.
• December 31 : Peace Agreement Between the Government of El Salvador and the FMLN negotiated by the UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar.

United States

• ¹ January : The magazine Times attributes to Bush as the man of the year.
• January 17 - January 28 : The Gulf War drove the Iraqi troops occupying Kuwait. 84% of Americans support the war (48% of African Americans). Peaceful demonstrations broke out across the country, however.
• August 17 : Bush condemns the attempted communist putsch in Moscow at the request of Boris Yeltsin.
• September 24 : Nirvana released their second album Nevermind. He has enjoyed worldwide success, especially with the title "Smells Like Teen Spirit.
• October 5 : The first Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds. That was version 0.02, the 0.01 that took more than a broadcast confidential.
• October 18 : Clarence Thomas was appointed to the Supreme Court.
• October 28 - November 2 : Storm of Halloween on the East Coast of the United States and Canada.
• November 21 : Civil Rights Act . Law on non-discrimination in employment.
• December 4 : Cessation of activity in the U.S. airline Pan Am ( Pan American World Airways ).

• Bush opposes the leaders of the parliamentary opposition in the quest for a solution to the budget deficit. He failed in his fight for a reduction in the taxation of capital gains, then imposes a surtax on higher incomes, while accepting an increase of taxes on the middle class first. Many of his Republican supporters feel betrayed by the breach of his campaign promise, "No New Taxes".
• Bush launches a major program for education that suffers from a lack of credit.
• Recession. Growth in the U.S. economy.

Antarctica, Oceania and the Pacific

• January 23 : Honiara Declaration . Peace agreement between separatists in Bougainville and Papua New Guinea.
• October 4 : Agreement on the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection on the Antarctic after two years of lobbying from France and the Australia.
• December 20 : Paul Keating , Labor Prime Minister is in Australia (completed in 1996 ).

Asia

June 14 : eruption of Pinatubo

• January 10 : In China , martial law introduced on 20 May 1989 is waived.
• February 23 : Military coup in Thailand. A military junta overthrew the government of General Chatichai Choonhavan , elected six months ago and it replaces interim civilian government. Beginning of the dictatorship of General Suchinda Kaprayoon.
• March 6 , India: Rajiv Gandhi denounced a case of wiretapping causing the resignation of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar.
• 16 - April 19 : Visit of Mikhail Gorbachev in Japan. Sino Soviet border agreement.
• April 29 : The cyclone Gorky in Bangladesh is over 138 000 deaths.
• May 12 , Nepal : The NCP won the first multiparty elections in thirty-two years.
• May 21 , India: Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated during the campaign by Tamils.
• May 26 :
  • Nepal : The party's general secretary of Nepali Congress , Girija Prasad Koirala , brother of Bisheswar Prasad Koirala became prime minister.
  • a Boeing 767 of the company Lauda Air crash in Thailand. It was the flight 004. The crash left no survivors among the 223 passengers and crew.

• June 14 :
  • 700 killed in the eruption of the volcano Pinatubo in the Philippines. Significant rain of ashes.
  • The Assembly of Tibetan People's Deputies adopted the Charter of Tibetans in exile , Tibet's future constitution.
• June 21 : New elections in India. The Congress won the elections, without an absolute majority. The BJP became the second largest party in India with 119 seats. Sonia , widow of Rajiv Gandhi , declined the offer to succeed him as head of the Congress, Narasimha Rao was appointed as president of Congress, then Prime Minister. He chose his government in Congress.
• July 23 : End of civil war in Cambodia. Peace agreement between the various Cambodian factions. The country is temporarily placed under the supervision of the UN , which is responsible for overseeing the demobilization of the armed forces, the return of 370,000 refugees and the holding of free elections.
• July - August , India: The government of Narasimha Rao is 40-51% of the share of foreign capital in Indian companies. The IMF then promised a loan of 6 billion.
• August 8 : Vo Van Kiet , Prime Minister of Vietnam.
• September 16 , Philippines : The lease for U.S. bases in Clark (air) and Subic Bay (Navy) expires. The U.S. is negotiating with the government of Cory Aquino to get the renewal for ten years. After heated discussions on the amount of annual compensation, a treaty was signed, but it is rejected by the Philippine Senate, despite a popular approval based on job losses from unrestricted base closure. At the same time as the eruption of Pinatubo volcano prohibits the use of the airport in Clark, the United States agreed to leave the base and make it a year later Subic Bay naval base their biggest overseas.
• Sept. 17 : Both Korea to UN membership, and the two countries sign agreements on nuclear weapons and reconciliation.
• October 23 : Return of Prince Norodom Sihanouk in Cambodia after an exile of 12 years. End of the war in Cambodia.
• November 12 : Massacre in East Timor , perpetrated by Indonesian troops in November at a rally for independence (perhaps 200,000 dead 700,000 inhabitants). Fighting continues between the Indonesian army and supporters of Fretilin. The negotiations under the UN auspices result in no tangible solution.

• December : Visit of Chinese Premier Li Peng in New Delhi.

• The U.S. installs a diplomatic office in Hanoi to organize the search for missing American servicemen and begin the diplomatic revival.
• More cordial relations resumed between Vietnam and the People's Republic of China no matter settled a dispute over maritime boundaries between the two countries.

Central Asia and Caucasus

• April 9 : Independence of Georgia.
• In the spring, Soviet troops undertook to clear the Armenian villages in the territory of Azerbaijan.
• May 26 : Zviad Gamsakhurdia President of Georgia.
• August : The Supreme Soviet was dissolved in Kazakhstan.
• August 30 : Independence of Azerbaijan.
• August 31 :
  • Independence of Uzbekistan (celebrated on September ¹ ).
  • Independence of Kyrgyzstan.
• September 2 : The Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence following a referendum. At the end of the Azerbaijani authorities meet the nationalist claims of Nagorno-Karabakh by the abolition of the autonomy statute. Armenians replicate by proclaiming the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh. Fighting intensifies (bombings, blockades, waves of refugees).
• September 5 : Following a coup, General Dzhokhar Dudayev became president of the Republic of Chechen - Ingush.

• Sept. 9 : Independence of Tajikistan.
• September 21 : Referendum in Armenia. Armenian voters approve the declaration of independence by the USSR.
• September 23 : The Armenia declares its independence.

• October 16 : Levon Ter-Petrossian is elected by universal suffrage, as President of the Republic of Armenia , with 84% of the votes.
• October 27 : Independence of Turkmenistan.

• December 2 : a href = "Rahmon_Nabiev" class = "new" title = "Rahmon Nabiev (non-existent page)"> Rahmon Nabiev (Rakhman Nabiyev) was elected president of Tajikistan.
  • Resurgence of Islam in Tajikistan. Thousands of mosques were built. Fighting between pro-communist and Islamist democrats tear the country, ultimately leading to the resignation of President Rahmon Nabiev (1991-1992), Communist Party chief of the Tajik SSR in the early 1980's.
• Dec. 16 : Independence of Kazakhstan.
• December 29 : Islom Karimov was reelected president of Uzbekistan.

• The population of Uzbekistan has 72% Uzbek, 8% of Russians, Tajiks 5% and 4% of Kazakhs.
• In Kazakhstan , 40% of Kazakhs coexist with 38% of Russians, Germans 6% and 5% of Ukrainians.

Middle East

January 17 : Gulf War .. Operation Desert Storm

February 7 : Fire Kuwaiti oil wells

February 28 : defeat of Iraqi forces. The death road

• January 9 : Tariq Aziz , Iraqi Foreign Minister meets his U.S. counterpart James Baker in Geneva. Baker Iraq a threat to use force. Between 10 and 13 January , the U.S. Congress gave President Bush full authority to use U.S. forces to liberate Kuwait.

• January 17 : Start of Operation Desert Storm , air phase of the Allied military intervention against the Iraq to Kuwait (until February 24 ).
• January 25 : The Iraq begins to release millions of barrels of oil in the Gulf.
• February 7 : The Iraq triggers the burning of Kuwaiti oil wells, hampering the Allied air offensive.
• February 15 : Day deadline Resolution 678 Security Council UN. The USSR sends Yevgeny Primakov who manages to reopen dialogue with Saddam Hussein , who accepted resolution 660 but in return demand Israeli withdrawal from territories and the withdrawal of coalition forces in the Gulf.
• February 22 : Primakov gets a timetable for withdrawal from Iraq Kuwait in three weeks. The United States, who want to destroy the military potential of Iraq, requesting an immediate withdrawal.
• February 24 : Start of Operation Desert Sabre: land phase of the Allied military operations against the Iraq (end February 28 ).
• February 28 : The Kuwait is liberated (but Iraqis burned its oil fields) and Saddam Hussein accepts a cease-fire.
• March 3 : End of the Gulf War.
  • In the days following the liberation of Kuwait , the regime organized a campaign of repression against suspected Iraqi collaborators, mainly the Palestinian people. Several thousand people are victims of summary executions, then the government launched a more regular basis with judgments. 300,000 Palestinians were expelled and took refuge in part in Jordan.
  • Insurgency in Iraq. The coalition does not work on Baghdad for fear of destabilizing the region. Saddam Hussein remains in power in Iraq and rule by terror. His Republican Guard crushed the rebellion remained intact Kurdish north and Shiite south. Shiite insurgents retreated on Iran in mid-March.
• March 6 : Declaration of Damascus establishing cooperation and coordination between Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Syria and Egypt. An "Arab peace force" intended to "ensure the security and integrity of the Arab Gulf states" is introduced.
• In early April, thousands of Kurds fleeing from Iraq to Turkey.
• April 5 : The UN reacted to the crackdown against the Kurds and Shiites revolted by Saddam Hussein by Resolution 688 which expresses its concern for the plight of Iraqi civilians, and considers that repression threatens peace and security in the region.
• April 13 : Americans launch Operation Provide Comfort "intended to provide humanitarian aid to the Kurds. An air exclusion zone is created and the Kurdish regions are capable of independent fact reinforced by the negotiations between the Kurdish movement and the Iraqi regime. Kurdish refugees are renter. The two Kurdish parties (KDP and the UDK) come into rivalry for control of the region.
• May 8 : Mubarak announces the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Kuwait and the Saudi Arabia.

• July , Lebanon : Palestinians in southern Lebanon are disarmed and the PLO virtually prohibited. The entry of the Lebanese army in the area under UNIFIL control entails the reaction of Israel.
• Fall , Lebanon : The militia evacuate the city of Beirut.
• October 30 : Conference of Arab-Israeli peace at Madrid under the sponsorship of the United States and the USSR , and with the participation of the PLO , the Israelis, Jordanians and Syrians, to ensure stability in the Middle East through the peaceful settlement of the Arab-Israeli dispute. The talks are continuing in Washington fail because Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir , obsessed with security of his country, is showing more and more suspicious vis--vis the United States. The U.S. government, furious at the continued installation of settlers in the occupied territories, tended to refuse to provide loans to Israel.
• December 21 , Lebanon : Omar Karami formed a government in which some militia leaders get portfolios ( Samir Geagea , Elias Hobeika , Walid Jumblatt , Suleiman Frangieh ). Political stability is restored in early 1992.

• Egypt : Showdown of the Islamists against the regime, mainly in Upper Egypt. The scheme extends state of emergency and proclaimed a law "against armed subversion" (July 8, 1992 he formed an advisory council of 60 appointed members, selected in the same social circles as the Islamists. A fundamental law of the kingdom fixed for the first time the role of the monarchy and the royal family.
• Saudi Arabia finances half of the war effort, or about 50 billion. The kingdom decided to increase production by taking advantage of the absence of Iraq and goes on the market by 5.4 million barrels per day in 1990 to 8,000,000 in 1991. These measures do not Saudi Arabia to experience a financial crisis, exacerbated by massive purchases of arms and inconsiderate.

Eastern Europe

• Reopening of the French Alliance Ostrava , after 50 years of closure.
• Jan. 8 : In a unilateral and illegal act, the Serbian national bank - invested by a secret ballot and unilateral Assembly of the Republic of Serbia , dated 28 December 1990 - operates a diversion unprecedented in the monetary system of Yugoslavia. Not less than 18.2 billion dinars (1.8 billion) in cash cashless are placed illegally available to the Central Bank of Serbia without these means have any legal coverage. The prime minister, Ante Markovic , qualify this act of "plunder of the century", considering he signed the death warrant of the Yugoslav federation.
• January 13 : Repression of independence demonstrations in the Baltic States: 14 dead in Vilnius in Lithuania.
• January 21 : Repression of independence demonstrations in the Baltics: 4 dead in Riga in Latvia.
• February 25 : At a meeting of its member states in Budapest ( Hungary ), the Warsaw Pact , the decision to dissolve the pact as a military organization, the ¹ July 1991 is taken.
• February 26 : A Serbian autonomous region of Slavonia, Baranya and Western Srem is proclaimed by Serb separatists in eastern Croatia.
• March 17 , Soviet Union : Referendum on the question "do you think it is essential to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, and where the rights and freedoms of everyone, regardless of nationality will be fully guaranteed? ". 76.4% of voters say yes in the nine republics where the consultation takes place, six republics ( Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Armenia , Georgia ), refused to participate. The same day the Russians decide that their president will be elected by universal suffrage. In Novo-Oragedo , near Moscow , the nine republics concerned with the drafting Russia a treaty which transfers a large part of the powers previously reserved to the center, while retaining a president directly elected by the people at the head a Union of Sovereign Republics Soviets. The treaty should be signed on August 20.
• March 31 : Victory of the Albanian communist party in the first free elections since rural people are attached to the status quo, while city dwellers prefer the opposition. The exodus to the Italy resumed. A general strike forced Ramiz Alia to form a government of national unity. The Communist Party changed its name to the Albanian Socialist Party.
• April ^1, the Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina seceded from Croatia.
• April 9 : Independence of Georgia.
• May : A constitutional crisis erupts when Serbia and its allies are blocking the installation of a Croatian head of the collective presidency of Yugoslavia.
• 12 May : Referendum in the Serbian province of Krajina ( Croatia ) to maintain in Yugoslavia.
• May 19 : Referendum for Independence of Croatia.

June 26 : the beginning of the explosion of Yugoslavia

.

• May 21 : The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union a vote a bill liberalizing foreign travel and emigration.
• June : The troops of the Soviet Union began their withdrawal from Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
• June 12 : Election of Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia. Rutskoy Alexander , vice-president.
• June 19 : The Albania became the thirty-fifth State participating in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
• June 25 : Independence of Croatia.
• June 26 : Independence of Slovenia : the beginning of the explosion of Yugoslavia.
  • The Slovenia and Croatia , favor a confederation with limited powers in foreign policy, defense and currency, are opposed to Serbia and Montenegro , who want a more centralized federation, while Macedonia and the Bosnia-Herzegovina seek a compromise. The federal government ordered the army, dominated by Serbs, eliminating the secessionists.
• June 27 : Federal Military Intervention Yugoslav (Serbian actually) in Slovenia.
  • A ten-day war takes place in Slovenia ended with the defeat of the Federal Army of Serbia.
• June 28 : Dissolution of the CMEA ( COMECON ) in Sofia , Bulgaria.
• July ¹ : Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.
• July 19 : Beginning of the war between Croats and Serbs in Yugoslavia.
  • The war in Croatia between federal troops and Serb militias Croatian forces for seven months. Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, the Serbs are Serbian Autonomous Regions (SARs). The refusal of the SAR government led Bosnian armed conflict between Serbs and non-Serbs.
• August 18 : Failed attempt of Communist Putsch in USSR wanting reimpose a centralized communist control. Gorbachev is placed under house arrest in Crimea. Troops are deployed in the streets of Moscow. But the coup was poorly prepared. In four days, reformers led by Russian President Boris Yeltsin mastered the coup and begin to dismantle the party apparatus.
• August 20 : Restoration of the independence of Estonia. Demonstrations outside Parliament.
• August 21 : Clashes around Parliament, 3 dead. Yeltsin assumed command of the armed forces. Gorbachev returned to Moscow on the night.
• Aug. 22 : Arrest of the coup.
• August 23 : At the request of B. Yeltsin, Gorbachev signed a decree banning the CPSU.
• August 24 : Independence of Ukraine.
• August 25 : Independence of Belarus.
• August 27 : Independence of Moldova - National Day.
• August: Massive Attack of the Serbian army in Western Slavonia (Croatia).
• September 5 : With the Soviet Union to the brink of explosion, the Congress of People's Deputies agreed to establish a transitional government in which a Council of State, led by Gorbachev and the presidents of the republics comprising the participating exercise emergency powers. The Communist Party was dissolved and its property confiscated.
• September 6 : The Soviet government officially recognizes the independence of Lithuania , of Estonia and Latvia. The Baltic countries become members of the United Nations in late September.
• September 10 : The Soviet government officially recognizes the independence of Armenia.
• September 8 : Referendum on independence in Macedonia.
• September 26 : Referendum on independence clandestine Kosovo.
• October : Treaty on Economic Union among nine Soviet republics: private property and free enterprise are the foundations for economic recovery.
• October 11 : Remove the KGB.
• October 15 :
  • Clandestine referendum on independence in Sandzak.
  • Parliamentary vote Bosnian sovereignty.
• Oct. 27 : free elections in Poland. A parliamentary majority does not emerge, and some thirty parties are represented in the Diet.

December 8 : Commonwealth of Independent States

• December ¹ : The Ukraine 's referendum vote for independence.
• Dec. 8 - Dec. 21 : Summit of Minsk. The Russian Federation , the Belarus and Ukraine create the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), the USSR was dissolved. The treaty will be confirmed at Alma-Ata.
• Dec. 9 : In Poland , Lech Walesa was elected president.
• December 12 : Leonid Kravchuk , former Ukrainian Communist Party leader, president of Ukraine.
• December 16 : The Kazakhstan became independent.
• December 21 , Conference of Alma-Ata ( Kazakhstan ): End of the USSR: 7 other Soviet republics joined the CIS: the organization establishes a council of heads of state and a board of Heads of Government, Russia gets nuclear weapons from the Ukraine , in Belarus , from Kazakhstan.
• December 24 : The Russian is known by Westerners as a successor state of the Soviet Union and its successor the Security Council UN.
• December 25 : Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union then transmits to Boris Yeltsin , Russia's president, control of nuclear weapons.
• December 26 : The Supreme Soviet met and formally dissolved the USSR.
• December : The leaders of Transnistria declared independence vis--vis Moldova.

• The Hungarian government sign cooperation agreements with Poland , the Czech Republic , the Slovak Republic , the Russian and the Ukraine (1991-1992).
• Earlier this year, Czechoslovakia , 98% of GDP still comes from the state sector. Three methods are provided for the privatization: restitution to former owners of nationalized assets by the communist regime and the transformation of state enterprises into private law companies sold to private individuals, the distribution of coupons (vouchers) to free the people.
• The Soviet Union fell into economic depression. Each republic is folded upon itself and carry out exchanges with its neighbors as barter economic space becomes fragmented, number of production declining about 10%. Inflation begins to reach staggering levels. Power, paralyzed, afraid to take necessary economic measures.
• The Supreme Soviet legalizes "denationalization" of state enterprises in the USSR.

Western Europe

• January 31 : At Bologna , the Italian Communist Party split into PDS (Partido Democratico della Sinistra, majority) and the Communist Party of remaking (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista).
• April 13 : Seventh government Andreotti in Italy (ending 24 April 1992 ).
• April 14 : Inauguration in London of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , chaired by Jacques Attali.
• April : Abolition of the poll tax in the UK.
• May ¹ : Publication of the third encyclical Social John Paul II , Centesimus Annus, which concludes that the defeat of communism, while refusing to see the victory of capitalism.
• May : Strikes in Spain.
• June 20 , Germany: The Bundestag voted by a narrow majority (337 votes against 320) the transfer of capital from Bonn to Berlin in 1999.
• June : In Ireland , Catholics and Protestants begin to negotiate.
• July : Citizens' Charter in the UK.
• August : massive exodus of Albanians , at least 20,000, to southern Italy. The government responds with emergency measures followed by forced repatriation.
• July 18 : Assassination of the Belgian Socialist politician Andr Cools.
• September 19 : Discovery of tzi the Iceman.
• September 29 : The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) Klaus Wedemeier loses absolute majority , he has held since 1955 at the parliament of Bremen.
• October 4 :
  • Electoral defeat of the Social Democratic Party in Sweden. Carl Bildt became prime minister in Sweden of a coalition party moderates , the Centre , Liberal and Christian Democrat.
  • Adoption in Switzerland of the Federal Act on the Federal Institutes of Technology (ETH).
• October 6 , Portugal : the Conservatives were down 13 seats in the legislative elections but retain an absolute majority (50.6% of the vote and 135 deputies out of 250).
• October 22 : The EEC and EFTA sign the treaty creating the EEA.
• October 31 , Portugal : Anibal Cavaco Silva as his third government.
• December 9 : Maastricht Treaty will be signed in February 1992.
• December : The government of John Major signed the Maastricht agreements , but rejects the social chapter.

• Liberal policy in Sweden : the privatization of 35 state enterprises, reduction of government spending (including in the field of social benefits), opening the country to the establishment of foreign industries.
• Italy : 6.3% inflation. The budget deficit is 9.9% of GDP. 10.6% of assets in unemployment. GDP increases by 1.4%. The debt represents 104% of GDP.

France

Thematic timelines

Arts and Culture

Nobel Prize

• Prix Nobel de physique : Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry : Richard R. Ernst
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine : Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann
• Nobel Prize for Literature : Nadine Gordimer
• Nobel Peace Prize : Aung San Suu Kyi

Births in 1991

• January 12 : Pixie Lott , British singer.
• January 19 : Erin Sanders , American actress.
• February 10 : Emma Roberts , American actress.
• February 17 : Bonnie Wright , British actress.
• March 13 : Franois Affolter , Swiss footballer.
• April 4 : Jamie Lynn Spears , American actress.
• April 11 : Thiago Alcntara , Spanish footballer.
• April 27 : Gut , Swiss skier
• May 18 : Lyes Kaidi , racing driver French of Algerian origin.
• May 21 : Sarah Ramos , American actress.
• June 25 : Christa Theret , French actress.
• June 29 : Soren Fulton , American actor.
• July 3 : Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova , Russian tennis player.
• July 5 : Jason Dolley , American actor.
• July 12 : Erik Per Sullivan , American actor.
• August 16 : Sarah-Jeanne Labrosse , Canadian actress.
• September 5 : Skandar Keynes , British actor.
• October 10 : Gabriella Cilmi , Australian singer.
• October 18 : Tyler Posey , American actor.

Deaths in 1991

• January 9 : George Croisile first Pacha of France.
• January 11 : Carl David Anderson , physicist , Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 (b. 3 September 1905 ).
• January 19 : Marcel Chaput , founder of the Rally for National Independence (b. 14 October 1918 ).
• January 20 : Louis Seigner , French actor, in a fire at his apartment.

• February 3 : Luciano Contreras , Matador Mexican (b. 3 June 1903 ).

• March 2 : Serge Gainsbourg , composer and singer (b. 2 April 1928 ).
• March 16 :
  • Govindan Aravindan (in) , Indian filmmaker.
  • James Darcy Freeman , Australian Cardinal, Archbishop of Sydney (b. 19 November 1907 ).
  • Gianna Beretta Molla (Santa Scorcese) beatified in Rome , three years later by Pope John Paul II (b. 6 February 1968 ).
• March 21 : Leo Fender (Fender Clarence Leonidas), industrial guitar (b. 10 August 1909 ).
• March 25 : ^Bishop Lefebvre , a churchman (b. 29 November 1905 ).

• April ¹ : Martha Graham , American dancer and choreographer (b. 11 May 1894 ).
• April 3 : Graham Greene , British writer (b. 2 October 1904 ).
• April 5 : Sonny Carter , American astronaut (b. 15 August 1947 ).
• April 16 : David Lean , British director (b. 25 March 1908 ).
• April 20 : Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga , Uganda Cardinal, Archbishop of Kampala (b. 5 November 1914 ).
• April 27 : Robert Veltman , comic book artist (b. 1909 ).

• May ¹ : Richard Thorpe , American director.
• May 3 : a href = "Jerzy_Kosi% C5% 84ski" class = "mw-redirect" title = "Jerzy Kosinski"> Jerzy Kosinski, writer born American Polish (b. 18 June 1933 ).
• May 15 : Amadou Hampt Ba , Malian writer.

• June 3 : Katia and Maurice Krafft , volcanologists French (b. 17 April 1942 and 1946 ).
• June 6 : Stan Getz , musician jazz American (b. 2 February 1927 ).
• June 14 : Peggy Ashcroft , British actress.
• June 24 : Franz Hengsbach , German cardinal, bishop of Essen (b. 10 September 1910 ).

• July 9 : Jos Salazar Lpez , Mexican Cardinal, Archbishop of Guadalajara (b. 12 January 1910 ).

• August 8 : James Irwin , American astronaut.
• August 12 : Edward George Bowen , electronics Welsh (b. 14 January 1911 ).
• August 21 : Costanzo W. Figlinesi , 79, Italian painter. ( 1912 ).

• September 1 : Otl Aicher , designer German designer (b. 1922 ).
• September 3 : Frank Capra , Italian-born American director (b. 18 May 1897 ).
• September 4 : Henri de Lubac , a Jesuit theologian and cardinal French (b. 20 February 1896 ).
• September 17 : Henry F. Angus , Canadian university administrator.
• September 25 :
  • Klaus Barbie , former head of the Gestapo in Lyon (b. 25 September 1913 ).
  • Viviane Romance (Pauline Ronacher Ortmanns), 79, French actress.
• September 28 : Miles Davis , composer and trumpeter American (b. 25 May 1926 ).

• October 7 : Jorge ngel Livraga Rizzi , founder of the Argentine New Acropolis (b. 3 September 1930 ).

• November 7 : Gaston Monnerville , French politician (b. 2 January 1897 ).
• November 9 : Yves Montand , singer and actor (b. 13 October 1921 ).
• November 13 : Paul-mile Lger , Canadian cardinal, archbishop of Montreal (b. 26 April 1904 ).
• November 17 : Eileen Agar , English painter and photographer (b. ¹December 1899 ).
• November 18 : Gustv Husk , Czechoslovak politician.
• November 24 : Freddie Mercury , lead singer of British composer group Queen (b. 5 September 1946 ).
• November 25 : Christian Montcouquiol said " Nimeo II " matador French (b. 10 March 1954 ).

• December 9 : Berenice Abbott , American photographer (b. 17 July 1898 ).
• December 11 : Mario Tobino , poet , writer and psychiatrist Italian. (B. 16 January 1910 )
• December 13 : Raymond Gernez , politician French, mayor of Cambrai from 1945 to 1977. ( 27 November 1906 ).
• December 22 : Hans Edmund Wolters , German ornithologist (b. 11 February 1915 ).
• December 23 : Ernst Krenek , composer of Austria. (B. 23 August 1900 ).

Notes and references

• Portal of the contemporary world
• Portal 1990

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