This page is for year 1949 of the Gregorian calendar .

Events

• April 4 : Signing in Washington of the Atlantic Pact, which established a military alliance of 11 Western countries (the NATO ) of which the United States, the United Kingdom , France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Canada. This treaty aims to prevent a possible attack by communist countries, committing signatory countries to assist in the event of an attack against one of them. This treaty institutionalizes the Cold War has resulted in six years after the creation of the Warsaw Pact.
• August 12 : Signing of the Geneva Conventions.
• December 2 : Adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons and Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, resolution 317 (IV) of 2 December 1949.

Africa

• February 6 : Born in Accra, the Convention People's Party (CPP), a division of UGCC ( United Gold Coast Convention ), led by Kwame Nkrumah. It relies on a more radical primarily composed of various youth movements in the area gathered in the CYO (Committee of Youth Organization).
• June 26 : Constitution of the ABAKO. It was originally a mere association of defense of the Kongo language , particularly with the advance of Lingala (language of river commerce), then politicize from 1954 under the leadership of Joseph Kasavubu.
• June 29 : Prohibition of mixed marriages between Europeans and non-Europeans in South Africa.
• July 11 : The South Africa incorporates the South West Africa ( Namibia ) without the authorization of the UN.
• October : In Gold Coast , the proposed reform Coussey autonomy refers to an unspecified date causing severe problems.
• November 21 : The UN 's independence vote Libya and Somalia.

• Creating an Independent Union of Railwaymen of the AOF by secession with the CGT.
• Riots and strikes in Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire. Repression in Cte d'Ivoire.
• Ten-Year Economic Development Plan in the Belgian Congo.
• Discovery of oil in Gabon on the banks of the Ogoou.
• Berber crisis.

America

August 10 : President Harry Truman signed an amendment to the National Security Act of 1947

• January 20 , United States : Program Fair Deal announced by Harry Truman in his inaugural address, which is an extension of the New Deal. Truman used for the first time the word " underdeveloped ", giving birth to the idea of assisting the poorest countries to fight against the risk of spread of communism in these regions.
  • Partial failure of the Fair Deal to economic conditions. The Congress Democratic majority to vote Conservative but raising the minimum wage from 40 to 75 cents, the strengthening of agricultural price supports and a program to build hundreds of thousands of homes. It extends the beneficiaries of social security to 10 million new people and raises the benefits of 75%. He opposes the other provisions (abolition of the Taft-Hartley Act , legislation on civil rights, health insurance mandatory, a plan to replace agricultural price support by compensation payments to farmers) and responds slowly to proposals Truman intended to benefit the Third World of the American industrial and scientific advance.
• January 21 , U.S. : Dean Acheson was appointed Secretary of State (in late 1953 ).
• March 11 : New Constitution in Argentina .
• March , Mexico : For the first time since the expropriation of 1938 , two U.S. oil companies receive permission to drill under the control of Pemex.
• July 3 , Mexico : The government party, renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), won a landslide victory in parliamentary elections.
• August 5 : An earthquake of magnitude 6.8 is 3,000 victims in Ambato in Ecuador.
• September 9 : Air Tragedy of Sault-au-Cochon to Quebec.
• September 22 : The announcement of the first Soviet nuclear explosion causes the decision of Truman to launch a policy of rearmament.
• September 28 : Foundation PGT (Partido del Trabajo Guatemalteco), Communist Party of Guatemala.
• November 7 : Constitution of Costa Rica , which became the first country to abolish the army.
• November 8 : Figueres puts the power to Ulate in Costa Rica (ending in 1953 ).

• November : The Conservative Laureno Gmez was elected president in Colombia during an early election which the Liberals refused to participate (start of term on 7 August 1950 ). The tension is getting worse.

• Booming exports of bananas in Central America, particularly in Nicaragua since 1944.
• 4.6 million unemployed in the United States in summer, or 7% of the workforce.

Asia

• January ¹ , Indo-Pakistani War : Cease-fire in Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani troops under the aegis of the UN. Kashmir is split in two. The Indian government receives from Jammu and Kashmir (101,387 sq km), the Pakistan of Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir ", 78 114 km ).
• January 20 : Second Conference on New Delhi to end repression in Dutch Indonesia.
• January 26 , Indonesia : First flight of an aircraft company Air Navigation Garuda Indonesian Airways. It replaces the KLM , but depends on foreign equipment and staff.
• February :
  • Burma: Naw Seng mutiny, Captain of the ^1st Regiment Kachin, and winner of the communist guerrillas. He joined the revolt of the Karens which he commanded troops in central Burma.
  • Indochina: Blockade of Transbassac by French troops at the beginning of the year to cut the supply of rice to the Viet Minh.

• April 28 : Declaration of London. Admission of India within the Commonwealth.
• May 11 : The Kingdom of Siam was renamed Thailand.
• May 16 , Japan : Founding of the Tokyo stock market Nikkei 225.
• June : Evacuation by Americans of South Korea.
• July 19 : Partial Independence Kingdom of Laos under the French Union.
• August 3 , Indonesia : After the Security Council UN has ordered a new cease-fire, Yogyakarta is evacuated and the Indonesian and Dutch governments give the order to cease hostilities.
• August 7 : Kartosuwirjo proclaims in the West Java creating a Negara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic State). The movement called Darul Islam , will win the South Sulawesi and Aceh.
• August 8 : Independence of Bhutan.

• September : The independence of the State of Vietnam is again declared by France, with the head of state Bo Djaya that installs its capital Lt. The Vit Minh refuses to recognize.
• November 2 : At the Round Table Conference in The Hague (August-December), the Dutch agree to transfer sovereignty over all of Indonesia except the New Guinea Western at Republic United States of Indonesia before the end of the year. The whole symbolic union with the Netherlands will be officially dissolved in 1954.
• November 8 : Independence Limited Cambodia vis--vis France.
• December 14 : A Provisional Constitution of the United States of Indonesia was proclaimed. They come from 16 Confederate states.
• December 16 : Sukarno was named president of the Federal Republic of United States of Indonesia.
• December 19 : Gadjah Mada University , first university established by the Government of Indonesia to Yogyakarta.
• December 27 : At Amsterdam , Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Mohammad Hatta proceed with the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia.
• Dec. 28 : Independence Effective implementation of the Indonesia.
• December 30 : Franco-Vietnamese Agreement of Ha Long Bay on the sovereignty of the State of Vietnam under the French Union.
• December : Education Law in Indonesia.

• At the UN , India is involved in the formation of the Afro-Asian group which condemns the action of France in Indochina.
• Removing the farming system in India zamindari (the zamindar was collecting tax on behalf of the government and enjoyed broad powers in return).

China

October ¹ : Mao Zedong proclaims the Beijing People's Republic of China

• January : The Communists take Tianjin.
• January 22 : Acquisition of Beijing by the Chinese Communists.
• January 23 : The Communists crush the nationalists remained north of the Yangtze going.
• April 23 : Taking Nanking (NCR) by the army of Chinese Communists Mao Zedong.
• May 25 : Taking Shanghai by the Chinese Communists.
• July : Before the imminent takeover by the Communists in China, the Tibetan government expels all Chinese, including traders. The new Chinese government believes that Tibet is an integral part of China and Chinese radio said that Tibet should be freed "from the yoke of British imperialism."
• 21 to 30 September : First People's Political Consultative Conference of China (CPPCC) in Beijing ( China ), headed by Mao Zedong , bringing together 662 delegates.
• October ¹ : Mao Zedong proclaims in Beijing the People's Republic of China , while Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan). Mao Zedong became the first president of the People's Republic of China. Chou Enlai was appointed Prime Minister.
• October 14 : Take Canton by the Chinese Communists.
• November 23 : The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Beijing and said the UN no longer recognize the Nationalist Chinese.
• December 8 : Decline in Taiwan 's Chinese Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek.

• The Chinese industry is ruined. The Nanking was looted by the Russians. The rail network is in large part unusable. Years of hyperinflation have been due to currency, banking and business world. But for the first time since 1911 , a strong regime dominates the whole of China. It proposes to restore the country with methods tested in limited areas.

Middle East

March 10 : Taking Um Rashrash. The Israeli flag flies over the future Eilat on the Red Sea

• The UK threat to intervene against Israel that has penetrated the Sinai. The fighting stopped on Jan. 7.
• January 25 , Israel: Election of the first Knesset , which brings together for the first time on February 14. David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.
• January 31 : The United States recognized the State of Israel.

• February 12 : The Supreme Leader of Muslim Brotherhood was arrested and executed in Egypt. The organization is disorganized.
• February 24 : Armistice signed in Rhodes between Egypt and Israel. Others will be signed following months by Israel with Lebanon ( March 23 ), the Transjordan ( April 3 ) and Syria ( July 20 ). Demilitarized zones are established, Jordan made territorial concessions to Israel, Syria evacuates Palestine.
• April 3 : Abd Allah ibn Hussein was proclaimed King of Jordan (1949 - 1951 )
• March 4 : The Israeli forces launched a final offensive on the southern Negev and reached the Red Sea. The British are heading to Aqaba to protect Jordan. The cease-fire is restored on March 11.

• March 30 : Coup in Syria officers Adib Chichakli and Husni al-Zaim , related to the Arab Socialist Party of Akram Hourani , encouraged by the CIA. They arrest all the leaders of the country. Zaim is appointed marshal and establishes numerous reforms to secularize society and gives women political rights.
• April : The Regent of Iraq Abdul Illah relaunch the project of " Fertile Crescent "to the union with Syria. On April 12 , Iraq and Syria are negotiating to submit a joint force in the talks for an armistice with Israel. But before the joint opposition of France , Egypt and the Saudi Arabia Syrian President Husni al-Zaim must renounce the union project. The project resurfaced after the takeover Hinawi in Syria, but ultimately fails because of the unpopularity of Britain in Syria, the support of France in opposition to the project and the threat of Israel to conduct a preventive war.

• April 27 - Sept. 12 : Conference of Lausanne on the issue of Palestinian Arab refugees. Arab countries are ready to officially welcome if Israel submits to the partition plan and accept the resettlement of 200,000 refugees on its territory. Israel refuses and says that its territory is now shared more than the conquests of war.

• May 11 : Israel is admitted to the UN.

• June 25 : Husni al-Zaim was elected president of Syria as the sole candidate.
• July 8 : Antoun Saade , chief of the Syrian People's Party (PPS) is murdered by the Lebanese authorities after street fighting in Beirut.
• August 14 : Husni al-Zaim is overthrown by another coup and murdered by an officer member of the MAP. The new head of state, Colonel Hinawi , decided to govern with members of the party of the people. Aflak Michel , leader of the Baath was appointed Minister of Education and Hourani of Agriculture.
• August : Failed conciliation commission to settle the question of Jerusalem.

• November 15 : Elections in Syria gave 51 seats to the party of 114 people.
• December 8 : Foundation of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency United Nations for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.
  • Mission Clapp suggests economic development of the region through a policy of public works based on the use of labor refugee. It creates the UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees In The Near East), agency responsible for providing emergency relief and schedule major projects funded by the United States. She quickly realizes that Israel and the Arab countries will not cooperate and that refugees are defending their identity and refuse any relocation away from home. They are autonomous in neighborhoods in cities or in camps. The agency merely to provide food aid, provide schooling and medical support.
• December 19 : A third coup was organized by Adib Shishakli in Syria.

• The government of King Farouk I of Egypt , under pressure from the Muslim Brotherhood , arrested all the Jews suspected of Zionism. 15 000 to 20 000 prisoners were loaded onto ships and sent to Marseilles. Young Zionists take over a boat for Haifa , after some time spent in refugee camps. In Israel, they are still in refugee camps before joining the new state.

Europe

Eastern Europe

Aug. 20 : official proclamation of the Republic of Hungary.

• January 25 : Creation of Moscow Comecon or CMEA: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (organ of "mutual assistance" between economic communist countries), initially bringing the USSR , the Bulgaria , the Hungarian , the Polish , the Romanian the Czechoslovakia and the Albania in February.
• January : First Annual Plan in Romania , aiming to increase production by 40%.
• February 3 : Minutes Mindzenty in Hungary. The Cardinal was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason against the Hungarian State.
• March : Beginning of the collectivization of land in Romanian People (completed in 1962 ).
• May 15 : Hungarian parliamentary elections, only one list is given, composed exclusively of communists and their supporters, the Popular Front, which won 96.27% of the vote.
• May 30 : Announcement of the establishment of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
• July : Special status for Jews in Romanian People , providing a single community by city and their consolidation into a federation with Rabbinical Council is appointed by the Minister for Religious Affairs.
• July 13 : The Vatican excommunicated all communists.
  • The Polish government began the fight against the Catholic Church whose influence is considerable in Poland. Schools and church properties were nationalized. Hundreds of priests were arrested.
• July 14 : Explosion of the first atomic bomb a href = "% C3% Union_des_r A9publiques_socialistes_sovi% C3% A9tique" alt = "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"> Soviet (information confirmed in September).
• Aug. 20 : Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary. The Assembly adopted the new constitution.
• September : Cancellation of the Hungarian Workers Party , which strengthens the communist government. Trial and execution of former interior minister Laszlo Rajk and several other party members. Hundreds of leaders and activists of the underground party before the war going through the torture and prison.
• October 7 : Proclamation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
• October 15 : Execution of the Hungarian Minister Laszlo Rajk , for " Titoism.
• October : Appointment of Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky the post of defense minister in Poland by Bolesaw Bierut.
• December 26 : The People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia signed a trade treaty with Great Britain .
  • Hungary nationalized many industries, confiscated the goods of the peasants who do not accept collectivization. Thousands of opponents were sent to labor camps.

Western Europe

August 14 : Elections in Germany. Election poster of SPD

• January : Introduction of compulsory military service in the UK. It will be removed in 1954.
• 14 - March 16 : On the proposal of the Government ( March 11 ), the Italy joined the NATO in the wake of a long parliamentary debate.
• March 25 : Arrest of the Portuguese communist leader Alvaro Cunhal who is imprisoned in Peniche (escape in 1960 ).
• April ¹ : Proclamation of the Republic of Ireland (Eire).
• April 14 : Late last Nuremberg trials against former Nazi leaders.
• April 20 : World Congress of Partisans for Peace, in Paris , the World Peace Council.
• May 4 : Big Four agreement on lifting the blockade of Berlin.
• May 5 : Creating the London Council of Europe , composed of a council of ministers, representing governments, and a representative assembly.
• May 8 : First review of the draft Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany.
• May 9 : Start of the reign of Prince Rainier III of Monaco.
• May 12 : Lifting of blockade of Berlin.
• May 24 : Adoption of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), which created the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). The abolition of the death penalty is registered in Germany.
• May : Vote on a proposed nationalization of the British steel industry after eight months of guerrilla member.
• June 23 : Failure of the Conference of Four on the German peace treaty.
• July 13 : Publication of the decree by which the Vatican excommunicated the Communists and their allies.
• August ¹ : The Italian government abolished the rationing of bread and pasta.

• August 14 : Election of ¹the Bundestag in West Germany. Victory of the CDU (Christian Democrats) and the German Party collecting 34.6% of the vote and 139 seats to the SPD (Social Democratic Party) won 32.6% of the vote and 131 seats.
• September 15 : Election of Konrad Adenauer, the post of Chancellor in Germany (completed in 1963 ).
• September 18 : New currency crisis in the United Kingdom. Devaluation of the pound by 30%.
• October 16 : End of civil war in Greece. Defeat of the Communist partisans.
• October 30 , Italy: Following the occupation of land belonging to large estates , violent demonstrations broke out in Calabria. Other bloody events will take place in November and December.
• November 7 : The Italian Social Democratic Party abandons the governing coalition. Alcide De Gasperi is realigning.
• December 16 : Parliament Acts in the United Kingdom: reduction of one year of suspensive veto of the House of Lords granted in 1911.
• December : The Italian government presents to Parliament the first in a series of laws for the breakup of large estates and land reform.

• The Nobel Peace prize is awarded to British Lord John Boyd Orr.
• The Italian returns to overall productivity levels before the war.

France

Switzerland

Thematic Chronologies

Arts and Culture

• January : The first collection of ready-to-wear Pierre Cardin.
• March 29 : Jean Prouvost founded the weekly Paris Match.

• Jean Dubuffet had his first exhibition of Art Brut.

Births in 1949

• January 13 : Rakesh Sharma , first Indian astronaut
• Jan. 15 : Dan Ar Braz , singer-songwriter Breton
• January 16 : Andy Scott , engineer UK
• January 18 :
  • Franz-Olivier Giesbert , a French journalist.
  • Philippe Starck , French designer and architect.
• January 19 : Robert Palmer , singer UK
• January 23 : Robert D. Cabana , American astronaut

• Feb. 10 : Maxime Le Forestier , French singer
• February 18 : Abdelghani Bousta , Moroccan politician
• February 22 : Niki Lauda , Austrian racing driver
• February 23 : Marc Garneau , astronaut and Canadian politician
• February 25 : Ric Flair , former professional wrestler of the WWE , introduced in the Hall Of Fame in 2008 by Triple H

• March 2 :
  • Alain Chamfort , French singer-songwriter
  • Eddie Money , American singer.
  • Francisco Robles Ortega , Mexican cardinal, archbishop of Monterrey.
• March 3 :
  • Bonnie J. Dunbar , American astronaut.
  • James S. Voss , American astronaut.
• March 4 : Francisco Ruiz Miguel , bullfighter Spanish.
• March 17 :
  • Patrick Duffy , actor.
  • Daniel Lavoie , Canadian singer.
• March 20 : Josip Bozanic , Croatian cardinal, archbishop of Zagreb.
• March 22 : Fanny Ardant , French actress.
• March 24 : Nicole Rouiller , Swiss painter
• March 25 : Philippe de Villiers , French politician.

• April 1 : Robert Mazlo , French jeweler
• April 4 : Bruno Megret , French politician
• April 5 : Judith A. Resnik , American astronaut ( 28 January 1986 )
• April 6 : Horst Strmer , German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1998.
• April 13 : Jean-Jacques Favier , a French astronaut
• April 15 : Alain Minc , French business leader
• April 24 : Veronique Sanson , singer, songwriter French
• April 25 : Dominique Strauss-Kahn , director of the IMF
• April 28 : Jay Apt , American astronaut

• May 3
  • Albert Sacco, Jr. , American astronaut.
  • Hank Williams Jr. , country singer.
• May 6 : David C. Leestma , American astronaut.
• May 15 : Frank L. Culbertson, Jr. , American astronaut.
• May 18 : Chris Seydou Malian fashion designer.
• May 21 :
  • Arno , Belgian singer.
  • Guy Badeaux said Bado, cartoonist, Quebec.
• May 23 : Daniel DiNardo , American cardinal, archbishop of Galveston-Houston.
• May 25 : Umberto Menin , Italian contemporary artist.

• ¹ June : Irena Degutiene , politician, Premier of Lithuania
• June 12 : Yuri Baturin , Russian cosmonaut
• June 15 : Maria Teresa Fernandez de la Vega , Spanish politician, senior vice president of government in Spain
• June 18 : Lech Kaczynski , politician Polish
• June 22 : Meryl Streep , American actress
• June 25 : Patrick Tambay , racing driver F1

• ¹ July : Pablo Abraira , singer and songwriter Spanish.
• July 26 :
  • William M. Shepherd , American astronaut
  • Roger Taylor , drummer of Queen
• July 28 : Simon Kirke , musician British drummer of Free and Bad Company

• August 12 : Julien Lepers , French TV presenter games
• August 15 : Richard Deacon , British sculptor
• August 17 : Jean-Noel Augert , French skier
• August 24 : Anna Fisher , American astronaut
• August 25 : Salif Keita , Malian musician and singer
• August 29 : Igor and Grishka Bogdanoff , producers and presenters of French television, specializing in scientific papers

• September 7 : Gisele Brire , St-Nazaire nurse.
• September 10 : Patrick Proisy , French tennis player.
• September 16 : Hildegard Puwak , politician, Minister of Romania.
• September 20 : Sabine Azema , French actress.
• September 21 : Odilo Pedro Scherer , Brazilian cardinal, archbishop of Sao Paulo.
• September 23 : Bruce Springsteen , singer / songwriter American.
• September 24 : Pedro Almodovar , Spanish filmmaker.
• September 29 : Nicole Martin , singer and producer in Quebec.
• September 30 :
  • Tognini , a French astronaut.
  • Chris Latta : actor, comedian and U.S. double.
• Oct. 21 : Anne-Grete Strm-Erichsen , Norwegian politician, former Minister of Defence of Norway
• October 30 : Jean-Marie Guehenno , a French diplomat.
• October 31 : Terrence W. Wilcutt , American astronaut

• November : Will Ackerman , guitarist German

• November 20 : Kenneth D. Cameron , American astronaut

• December 5 : Bruce E. Melnick , American astronaut
• December 11 : Alexandre Stroinovsky , an expert in mining equipment
• Dec. 14 : Cliff Williams , bassist of AC / DC
• December 17 : Paul Rodgers , singer UK ( Free )
• December 20 : Soumaila Ciss , Malian politician
• December 21 : Thomas Sankara , African political leader.

Deaths in 1949

• January 6 : Victor Fleming , American director (65 years).
• January 10th : Othon Friesz , French painter.
• January 28 : Jean-Pierre Wimille , race car driver.

• February 16 : Umberto Brunelleschi , painter, illustrator and poster designer Italian. ( 21 June 1879 ).

• May 30 : Emmanuel Suhard , French cardinal, archbishop of Paris (b. 5 April 1874 ).

• July 16 : Vyacheslav Ivanov , 83, poet , philosopher , playwright and translator Russian. (B. 16 February 1866 ).

• August 5 : Ernest Fourneau , founder of the French Medicinal Chemistry (b. 4 October 1872 ).
• August 11 : Margaret Mitchell (48 years), American novelist, author of Gone with the Wind (hit by a taxi).

• September 7 : Jose Clemente Orozco , Mexican muralist painter.
• September 8 : Richard Strauss , German composer (85 years).

• October 28 :
  • Marcel Cerdan , French boxer (killed in a plane crash) (b. 22 July 1916 ).
  • Ginette Neveu , French violinist (killed in the same plane crash that Marcel Cerdan) (b. 11 August 1919 ).
• October 29 : GI Gurdjieff , occultist Armenian.

• November 19 : James Ensor , Belgian painter.
• November 21 : Marie-Louise The Manac'h , patron.

• December 5 : Alfred James Lotka , American mathematician and statistician (b. 2 March 1880 ).
• December 15 : Alice Bailey , writer and occultist esoterist UK.

References

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